Vitamins for children: when and what are needed

Vitamins for children: when and what are needed

Chapter 1: Basics of the child’s nutrition and the role of vitamins

1. 1 Healthy nutrition – the foundation of growth and development:

   Healthy and balanced diet is a cornerstone for optimal growth, development and health of the child. During the first years of life, when the intensive formation of all organs and systems occurs, the body especially needs sufficient intake of the necessary nutrients. Macronutrients (proteins, fats and carbohydrates) provide energy and building blocks for tissues, while micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) play a key role in the regulation of metabolic processes, maintaining immunity and ensuring the normal function of various organs.

   The deficiency of any of these nutrients can lead to serious consequences, including growth retardation, weakening of the immune system, impaired cognitive functions and increased susceptibility to various diseases. Therefore, providing the child with a full and diverse diet is of paramount importance.

   The key principles of healthy nutrition for children include:

   • A variety of products: offer the child a wide range of products from all food groups, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, proteins and dairy products.
   • Balancing: observe the correct ratio of macronutrients and micronutrients in the diet.
   • Modularity: control the size of the portions and avoid excessive consumption of sugar, salt and saturated fats.
   • Regularity: organize regular food and snack techniques to maintain a stable level of energy and nutrients in the body.
   • Hydration: Provide the child with a sufficient amount of liquid, especially water.

2. 2 Vitamins: indispensable catalysts of life:

   Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal functioning of the body, but not produced by it in sufficient quantities. They play the role of cofactors in various biochemical reactions, that is, they help enzymes perform their functions. Vitamins are involved in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, provide normal growth and development, support the immune system, protect the cells from damage and perform many other vital functions.

   Vitamins are divided into two main groups:

   • Fat -soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K): These vitamins dissolve in fats and can accumulate in the body. Therefore, they should be used with caution to avoid overdose.
   • Water -soluble vitamins (vitamins of group B and vitamin C): these vitamins dissolve in water and do not accumulate in the body. Excesses are excreted in the urine, so they must be regularly replenished.

   Each vitamin plays a certain role in the body, and its deficiency can lead to specific symptoms and diseases. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause vision problems, vitamin D deficiency – rickets, vitamin C deficiency – scurvy, and a deficiency of group B vitamins – various neurological and skin diseases.

3. 3 When a child needs vitamins: risk factors:

   In most cases, children who receive a balanced and diverse diet do not need additional intake of vitamins. However, there are certain situations and risk factors, when the need for vitamins increases, and their additional technique can be justified:

   • Premature children: premature babies have fewer reserves of vitamins and minerals than full -term ones, and their body is not yet fully developed to effectively absorb nutrients.
   • Children are artificial feeding: despite the fact that modern children’s mixtures are enriched with vitamins and minerals, their composition may not fully satisfy the needs of each child.
   • Children with a limited diet: children who refuse certain products or have allergies may not receive a sufficient amount of necessary vitamins and minerals. For example, vegetarians and vegans should especially carefully monitor the consumption of vitamin B12, iron and calcium.
   • Children with chronic diseases: some diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, celiac disease and liver diseases, can violate the absorption of vitamins and minerals.
   • Children taking certain drugs: some drugs can affect the assimilation or metabolism of vitamins. For example, antibiotics can disrupt the balance of intestinal microflora and reduce the synthesis of vitamin K.
   • Children living in regions with insufficient sunlight: vitamin D is synthesized in the skin under the influence of sunlight. In regions with a short daylight or limited sunlight, children are at risk of vitamin D.
   • Children during active growth: during periods of intensive growth, the need for vitamins and minerals increases.
   • Children attend kindergartens and schools: children attend public institutions are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases, which can increase the need for vitamins to maintain the immune system.

   In these cases, it is recommended to consult a doctor or nutritionist in order to evaluate the child’s need for vitamins and choose the right dosage. Vitamin preparations should not be prescribed independently, as this can lead to an overdose and undesirable side effects.

Chapter 2: The main vitamins necessary for children

2. 1 Vitamin A: vision, immunity and growth:

   Vitamin A plays an important role in maintaining vision, especially in conditions of weak lighting. It is involved in the formation of rhodopsin – the pigment necessary for the normal operation of the retina. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to a deterioration in night vision, dry eyes and even blindness.

   In addition, vitamin A is necessary for the normal functioning of the immune system. It supports the integrity of the mucous membranes, which are a barrier to infections, and is involved in the regulation of immune cells. Vitamin A deficiency increases the susceptibility to infectious diseases, especially to respiratory infections and diarrhea.

   Vitamin A is also important for the growth and development of bones, teeth and skin. It is involved in the regulation of cellular differentiation and proliferation. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to growth retardation, skin problems and disorders of the formation of teeth.

   Sources of vitamin A:

   • Retinol (form of vitamin A contained in animal products): liver, egg yolk, dairy products.
   • Carotinoids (vitamin A predecessors contained in plant products): carrots, pumpkin, sweet pepper, spinach, broccoli.

   The recommended daily dose of vitamin A varies depending on the age of the child:

   • 0-6 months: 400 mcg
   • 7-12 months: 500 μg
   • 1-3 years: 300 μg
   • 4-8 years: 400 mcg
   • 9-13 years old: 600 mcg

   It is important to remember that vitamin A is a fat -soluble vitamin and can accumulate in the body. An overdose of vitamin A can lead to toxic effects, such as nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, hair loss and liver damage. Therefore, the recommended daily dose of vitamin A without consultation with a doctor should not exceed.

3. 2 Vitamin D: bone health and immunity:

   Vitamin D plays a key role in maintaining the health of bones and teeth. It contributes to the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestines and regulates their level in the blood. Vitamin D deficiency leads to a decrease in bone mineralization and can cause rickets in children and osteomalization in adults. Rachite is manifested by deformation of bones, a delay in teething, muscle weakness and increased susceptibility to fractures.

   In addition, vitamin D is important for the normal functioning of the immune system. It participates in the regulation of immune cells and helps the body fight infections. Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis.

   Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin under the influence of sunlight. However, in regions with a short daylight or limited sunlight, as well as in people with dark skin, the synthesis of vitamin D may be insufficient. In these cases, additional intake D in the form of additives is recommended.

   Sources of vitamin D:

   • Sunlight: synthesized in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet rays.
   • Food products: fatty fish (salmon, tuna, mackerel), egg yolk, liver, enriched products (milk, yogurt, juices, flakes).
   • Vitamin additives: vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the most effective form of vitamin D.

   The recommended daily dose of vitamin D varies depending on the age of the child and other factors:

   • 0-12 months: 400 IU (international units)
   • 1-18 years: 600 Me

   Some experts recommend higher doses of vitamin D, especially for children with risk factors. Before taking vitamin D in high doses, it is necessary to consult a doctor.

   An overdose of vitamin D can lead to hypercalcemia (an increased level of calcium in the blood), which can cause nausea, vomiting, weakness, constipation and kidney damage.

4. 3 Vitamin C: Immunity and antioxidant protection:

   Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that protects the cells from damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that are formed in the body during metabolism and under the influence of external factors, such as environmental pollution and smoking. Free radicals can damage DNA, proteins and fats, which leads to the development of various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases.

   Vitamin C also plays an important role in maintaining the immune system. It stimulates the production of leukocytes (white blood cells) that fight infections, and enhances their activity. Vitamin C also participates in the synthesis of collagen – protein necessary for healing wounds and maintaining the health of the skin, bones and cartilage.

   Vitamin C deficiency can lead to scurvy, which is manifested by weakness, fatigue, bleeding of the gums, slow healing of wounds and increased susceptibility to infections.

   Sources of vitamin C:

   • Fruits: citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, grapefruits), kiwi, strawberries, black currants.
   • Vegetables: Bulgarian pepper, broccoli, Brussels cabbage, tomatoes, spinach.

   The recommended daily dose of vitamin C varies depending on the age of the child:

   • 0-6 months: 40 mg
   • 7-12 months: 50 mg
   • 1-3 years: 15 mg
   • 4-8 years: 25 mg
   • 9-13 years old: 45 mg

   Vitamin C is a water -soluble vitamin and does not accumulate in the body. Excesses are excreted in the urine, so it must be regularly replenished. An overdose of vitamin C is rare and usually does not cause serious side effects. In rare cases, nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain may occur.

5. 4 B vitamins B: energy, nervous system and growth:

   B vitamins are a group of eight water -soluble vitamins that play an important role in the metabolism of energy, maintaining the nervous system and ensuring normal growth and development. Each vitamin of group B performs a certain function in the body, and their deficiency can lead to various symptoms and diseases.

   • Vitamin B1 (thiamine): necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the functioning of the nervous system. Vitamin B1 deficiency can lead to Beri Berie, which is manifested by weakness, fatigue, impaired coordination of movements and heart failure.
   • Vitamin B2 (riboflavin): participates in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, as well as in maintaining the health of the skin and mucous membranes. Vitamin B2 deficiency can lead to inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, cracks in the corners of the mouth and skin rashes.
   • Vitamin B3 (Niacin): necessary for the metabolism of energy and functioning of the nervous system. Vitamin B3 deficiency can lead to Pellagra, which is manifested by dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia.
   • Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid): participates in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, as well as in the synthesis of hormones and cholesterol. Vitamin B5 deficiency is rare and usually does not cause serious symptoms.
   • Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine): necessary for the metabolism of amino acids, the synthesis of neurotransmitters and the formation of red blood cells. Vitamin B6 deficiency can lead to anemia, convulsions and neurological disorders.
   • Vitamin B7 (BIOTIN): participates in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, as well as in maintaining the health of the skin, hair and nails. Vitamin B7 deficiency is rare and usually does not cause serious symptoms.
   • Vitamin B9 (folic acid): necessary for the synthesis of DNA and RNA, as well as for the formation of red blood cells. Vitamin B9 deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia and defects of the nervous tube in the fetus.
   • Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): necessary for the synthesis of DNA and RNA, as well as for the functioning of the nervous system. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia and neurological disorders.

   Sources of B vitamins B:

   • Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products.
   • Whole grain products, legumes, nuts, seeds.
   • Leaf green vegetables, broccoli, avocados.

   Recommended daily doses of B vitamins vary depending on the age of the child and other factors. Contact a doctor or a nutritionist to receive individual recommendations.

   B vitamins are water -soluble vitamins and do not accumulate in the body. Excesses are excreted in the urine, so they must be regularly replenished. An overdose of group B vitamins is rare and usually does not cause serious side effects.

6. 5 Vitamin E: antioxidant protection and skin health:

   Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects the cells from damage caused by free radicals. It also plays an important role in maintaining the health of the skin, protecting it from the effects of ultraviolet rays and other harmful environmental factors.

   Vitamin E is involved in the regulation of the immune system and helps the body fight infections. It is also necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system and muscles.

   Vitamin E deficiency is rare and is usually associated with impaired fat absorption. Symptoms of vitamin E deficiency may include muscle weakness, impaired coordination of movements and neurological disorders.

   Sources of vitamin E:

   • Vegetable oils (sunflower, olive, corn).
   • Nuts and seeds (almonds, hazelnuts, sunflower seeds).
   • Avocado, spinach, broccoli.

   The recommended daily dose of vitamin E varies depending on the age of the child:

   • 0-6 months: 4 mg
   • 7-12 months: 5 mg
   • 1-3 years: 6 mg
   • 4-8 years: 7 mg
   • 9-13 years old: 11 mg

   Vitamin E is a fat -soluble vitamin and can accumulate in the body. An overdose of vitamin E can lead to increased risk of bleeding and other side effects. Therefore, the recommended daily dose of vitamin E should not exceed without consulting a doctor.

7. 6 Vitamin K: blood coagulation and bone health:

   Vitamin K plays a key role in blood coagulation. It is necessary for the synthesis of coagulation factors that are involved in the formation of a blood clot that stops bleeding. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to increased risk of bleeding.

   In addition, vitamin K is important for bone health. He participates in the regulation of bone mineralization and helps maintain their strength. Some studies show that vitamin K can reduce the risk of fractures in the elderly.

   Newborn children are at risk of vitamin K deficiency, since they are born with low vitamin K reserves and their intestines do not contain bacteria that synthesize vitamin K. Therefore, newborn usually administers vitamin K in the form of injection immediately after birth.

   Sources of vitamin K:

   • Leaf green vegetables (spinach, broccoli, cabbage).
   • Vegetable oils (soy, rapeseed).
   • Some fruits (avocado, kiwi).

   The recommended daily dose of vitamin K varies depending on the age of the child:

   • 0-6 months: 2 μg
   • 7-12 months: 2.5 μg
   • 1-3 years: 30 μg
   • 4-8 years: 55 μg
   • 9-13 years old: 60 μg

   An overdose of vitamin K is rare and usually does not cause serious side effects.

Chapter 3: Choice of vitamin additives for children

3. 1 Forms of vitamin additives: drops, chewing tablets, syrups:

   Vitamin additives for children are available in various forms, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages:

   • Drops: drops are usually used for babies and young children, since they are easy to dose and give. They can be added to food or drink. However, some drops may have an unpleasant taste or smell, which can make their use difficult.
   • Chewing tablets: Chewing tablets are a popular choice for older children, as they have a pleasant taste and are easily chewed. However, they often contain added sugar, artificial dyes and flavors, which can be undesirable for some parents. It is important to ensure that the child does not take too many chewing tablets, as this can lead to an overdose of vitamins.
   • Syrups: syrups are also a popular choice for children, as they have a pleasant taste and easily swallow. However, they often contain added sugar, artificial dyes and flavors. It is important to observe the dosage indicated on the packaging in order to avoid an overdose of vitamins.

   When choosing a form of vitamin additive, it is necessary to take into account the age of the child, his preferences and the presence of any allergies or medical contraindications. It is also important to pay attention to the composition of the additives and choose products that do not contain added sugar, artificial dyes and flavorings.

4. 2 The composition of vitamin complexes: monopolists and multivitamins:

   Vitamin additives can be presented in the form of monopoline containing only one vitamin, or polyvitamins containing several vitamins and minerals.

   • Monopasses: Monopasses are usually used to treat a specific deficiency of vitamins. For example, vitamin D is often prescribed in the form of a monopoly for the prevention and treatment of rickets.
   • Polyvitamins: multivitamins contain several vitamins and minerals in one tablet or capsule. They can be useful for children with a limited diet or increased need for vitamins. However, it is important to choose polyvitamins that contain optimal doses of vitamins and minerals for the age of the child, and avoid products that contain too high doses of any vitamin.

   When choosing a vitamin complex, it is necessary to take into account the individual needs of the child and consult a doctor or a nutritionist. Polyvitamins should not be prescribed independently, as this can lead to an overdose of vitamins and undesirable side effects.

5. 3 How to read labels and choose quality additives:

   When choosing vitamin additives, it is important to carefully read the labels and pay attention to the following factors:

   • Composition: Check the list of ingredients and make sure that the additive contains the necessary vitamins and minerals in optimal doses for the age of the child. Avoid products that contain added sugar, artificial dyes and flavors.
   • Dosage: Carefully read the instructions for use and follow the recommended dosage. Do not exceed the dose indicated on the packaging without consulting a doctor.
   • Manufacturer: Choose vitamin additives from reliable manufacturers with a good reputation. Check if the manufacturer has certificates of quality and compliance with security standards.
   • Shelf life: check the shelf life of the additive and do not use products with an expired shelf life.
   • Release form: Select the form of release, which is most suitable for the child.
   • Reviews: Read other parents’ reviews about vitamin additives to get an idea of their effectiveness and safety.

   When choosing vitamin additives, it is recommended to consult a doctor or pharmacist to get professional advice and choose a product that is best suited for the individual needs of the child.

Chapter 4: Rules for taking vitamins for children

4. 1 When and how to give vitamins: before, during or after eating:

   The time of taking vitamins can affect their assimilation. Some vitamins are better absorbed with food, while others are on an empty stomach.

   • Fat -soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K): These vitamins are better absorbed if they are taken with food containing fats. For example, vitamin D can be given to a child during breakfast containing dairy products or eggs.
   • Water -soluble vitamins (vitamins of group B and vitamin C): these vitamins can be taken both with food and on an empty stomach. However, if a child has problems with the stomach after taking vitamin C on an empty stomach, it is recommended to give it with food.

   It is important to follow the recommendations of a doctor or pharmacist regarding the time of taking vitamins.

5. 2 Dosage: How to correctly calculate and avoid overdose:

   The dosage of vitamins for children depends on age, weight, health status and other factors. It is important to follow the recommended dosage indicated on the packaging, and not exceed it without consulting a doctor.

   An overdose of vitamins can lead to various side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness and other symptoms. In severe cases, an overdose of vitamins can lead to serious complications, such as damage to the liver and kidneys.

   If you suspect an overdose of vitamins, you must immediately consult a doctor.

6. 3 Interaction of vitamins with drugs and products:

   Vitamins can interact with some drugs and products, which can affect their assimilation or effectiveness. For example, vitamin K can reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulants, and iron can worsen the absorption of some antibiotics.

   Before taking vitamin additives, it is necessary to inform the doctor about all the drugs that the child takes to avoid undesirable interactions. It is also important to consider the doctor’s recommendations regarding the use of certain products during vitamins.

Chapter 5: Alternative sources of vitamins: food and lifestyle

5. 1 A variety of nutrition as the main source of vitamins:

   A variety and balanced nutrition is the best source of vitamins and minerals for children. Offer the child a wide range of products from all food groups, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, proteins and dairy products.

   • Fruits and vegetables: rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and fiber. Offer the child a variety of fruits and vegetables of different colors to provide his body with all the necessary nutrients.
   • Whole grain products: contain B vitamins, fiber and minerals. Include whole grain bread, cereals and pasta in the child’s diet.
   • Squirrels: necessary for the growth and development of fabrics. Offer the child meat, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, nuts and seeds.
   • Dairy products: contain calcium, vitamin D and protein. Offer your child milk, yogurt, cheese and other dairy products.

   Try to cook food from fresh and quality products at home. Limit the consumption of processed products, fast food and sweet drinks that contain little nutrients and many sugar, salt and fats.

6. 2 The role of sunlight in the synthesis of vitamin D:

   Sunlight is an important source of vitamin D. Under the influence of ultraviolet rays in the skin, vitamin D is synthesized. For sufficient synthesis of vitamin D, it is necessary to spend at least 15-20 minutes a day in the sun, especially in the summer months.

   However, it is important to remember safety and protect the child’s skin from excessive exposure to sunlight. Use a high SPF sunscreen and put on a headdress.

   In the winter months, when sunlight is not enough, additional intake D in the form of additives is recommended.

7. 3 The influence of the way of life on the need for vitamins:

   The lifestyle of a child can affect his need for vitamins. For example, children who lead an active lifestyle and play sports need more vitamins and minerals to maintain energy and restore muscles.

   Children who often suffer from infectious diseases need more vitamins to maintain the immune system.

   It is important to provide the child with a healthy lifestyle, which includes a balanced diet, sufficient physical activity, full sleep and restriction of the influence of harmful environmental factors.

Chapter 6: Myths and errors about vitamins for children

7. 1 Myth: “Vitamins improve appetite”:

   This is a common misconception. Vitamins are not a means to increase appetite. The appetite depends on many factors, including physiological, psychological and social. If the child has poor appetite, you need to consult a doctor to find out the cause and receive nutrition recommendations.

8. 2 Myth: “The more vitamins, the better”:

   This is a dangerous delusion. An overdose of vitamins can lead to serious side effects. Do not independently prescribe vitamin additives and exceed the recommended dosage. Always consult a doctor before taking vitamins.

9. 3 Myth: “All children need vitamins”:

   Most children who receive a balanced and diverse diet do not need additional intake of vitamins. Vitamin additives can be necessary only in certain situations, such as prematureness, artificial feeding, limited diet or the presence of chronic diseases.

10. 4 Myth: “Natural vitamins are better than synthetic”:

    The chemical structure of natural and synthetic vitamins is the same. The body absorbs them the same. The main thing is to choose high -quality vitamin additives from reliable manufacturers.

11. 5 Myth: “Vitamins cure diseases”:

    Vitamins are not a cure for diseases. They can help support the immune system and improve the general health of health, but cannot replace the treatment prescribed by the doctor.

Chapter 7: When to see a doctor

12. 1 Signs of vitamin deficiency in a child:

    If you notice any signs of vitamin deficiency in the child, such as:

    • Growth and development delay
    • Weakness and fatigue
    • Pallor of the skin
    • Dry skin and hair
    • Frequent infectious diseases
    • Problems with vision
    • Bleeding gums
    • Violation of appetite
    • Irritability and tearfulness

    It is necessary to consult a doctor for examination and diagnosis.

13. 2 The need to consult a doctor before taking vitamins:

    Before taking vitamin additives, you need to consult a doctor to:

    • Determine whether the child really needs vitamins
    • Select a suitable vitamin complex
    • Calculate the correct dosage
    • Avoid unwanted drug interactions

14. 3 The role of the doctor in determining the individual need for vitamins:

    The doctor can evaluate the state of health of the child, his diet, lifestyle and other factors to determine his individual need for vitamins and minerals. The doctor can also prescribe blood tests to identify a deficiency of certain vitamins.

Chapter 8: Conclusion

Vitamins play an important role in the growth, development and maintenance of children’s health. However, most children who receive a balanced and diverse diet do not need additional intake of vitamins. Before taking vitamin additives, it is necessary to consult a doctor to determine the child’s individual need for vitamins and choose a suitable vitamin complex. A variety of and balanced diet, sufficient stay in the sun and a healthy lifestyle are the best sources of vitamins and minerals for children.

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