B vitamins B: Symptoms of deficiency

B vitamins B: Symptoms of the deficit – complete leadership

B1 (thiamine): key energy and nervous system

Tiamin, also known as vitamin B1, plays a critical role in energy metabolism, converting carbohydrates into energy necessary for the functioning of all cells of the body, especially brain cells and nervous system. He also participates in the work of the muscles, including the heart muscle, and in the transmission of nerve impulses. Tiamin’s deficiency, known as Beri-Bury, can lead to serious neurological and cardiovascular problems.

• Role in the body:

  • Metabolism of carbohydrates: Tiamin is a coherent of several important enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, the main source of energy for the brain. It is necessary for decarboxylation of alpha coat acids, the key stage in the Crebs cycle (citric acid cycle), which is a central metabolic route for energy production.
  • The function of the nervous system: Tiamine is necessary for the synthesis of acetylcholine, neurotransmitter, which plays an important role in the transmission of nerve impulses. It also participates in maintaining the myelin shell, the protective coating of the nerve fibers, which ensures the effective transmission of nerve signals.
  • Muscle function: Tiamine helps maintain the normal function of muscles, including the heart muscle. He participates in muscle contraction and maintaining their tone.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Insufficient consumption with food: The main reason for the deficiency of thiamine is the insufficient consumption of products rich in thiamine, such as whole grain products, legumes, meat and nuts.
  • Alcohol abuse: Alcohol inhibits the absorption of thiamine in the intestines and increases its excretion in the urine. In addition, alcohol abuse is often associated with poor nutrition, which further exacerbates the deficiency of thiamine.
  • Chronic diseases: Some chronic diseases, such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and celiac disease, can disrupt the absorption of thiamine in the intestines.
  • Dialysis: Patients on dialysis are at risk of thiamine deficiency, since thiamine can be lost during the dialysis procedure.
  • Pregnancy and lactation: During pregnancy and lactation, the need for thiamine increases, and if consumption does not increase, a deficiency may develop.
  • High consumption of refined carbohydrates: Refined carbohydrates require thiamine for metabolism, and if the consumption of thiamine does not meet the needs, a deficiency may develop.

• Deficiency symptoms:

  • Early symptoms:
    • Fatigue and weakness: Tiamin deficiency reduces the body’s ability to produce energy, which leads to fatigue and general weakness.
    • Irritability and depression: Tiamine plays a role in maintaining the normal function of the brain, and its deficiency can lead to irritability, depression and other mood changes.
    • Loss of appetite and nausea: Tiamine deficiency can affect the function of the digestive system, causing loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting.
    • Constipation: Tiamin deficiency can slow down the intestinal motility, which leads to constipation.
  • Late symptoms (Beri-Bury):
    • Sukhoi Bari-Bari:
      • Peripheral neuropathy: Damage to the peripheral nerves, causing tingling, numbness and pain in the arms and legs. Muscle weakness and paralysis can also develop.
      • Encephalopathy Wernick: Neurological disorder, characterized by confusion, impaired coordination of movements (ataxia) and paralysis of the eye muscles (ophthalmoplegia). This is a serious condition that requires immediate medical care.
    • Wet Bari-Bari:
      • Heart failure: Tiamin deficiency weakens the heart muscle, which leads to heart failure. Symptoms include shortness of breath, swelling of the legs and ankles, and a rapid heartbeat.
      • Swelling: The delay of fluid in the body, leading to edema, especially in the legs and ankles.

• Diagnosis:

  • Blood test: The measurement of the level of thiamine in the blood can help determine the deficiency.
  • Measurement of transcetic activity in red blood cells: Transcetolasa is an enzyme that requires thiamine for its activity. Measuring the activity of transcetolas in red blood cells and assessing its increase after adding thiamine (stimulation of transcetolasis) can help detect a thiamine deficiency.
  • Clinical assessment: Assessment of the symptoms and medical history of the patient.

• Treatment:

  • Tiamine additives: Oral or intravenous technique of thiamine to replenish the deficiency. The dosage depends on the degree of deficiency and severity of the symptoms.
  • Diet change: An increase in the consumption of products rich in thiamine, such as whole grain products, legumes, meat and nuts.
  • Treatment of concomitant diseases: Treatment of any related diseases that can contribute to thiamine deficiency.

B2 (riboflavin): cell health and energy metabolism

Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, is an important nutrient necessary for the health of cells and energy metabolism. He plays a key role in turning food into energy, and also participates in growth and restoration of fabrics. Riboflavin is a component of the two main coofers: Flavmononucleotide (FMN) and Flavidenindinindinucleotide (FAD), which participate in many redox reactions in the body.

• Role in the body:

  • Energy metabolism: Riboflavin is necessary for the functioning of the FMN and FAD, which play an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. They participate in oxidative phosphorylation, a process in which energy from food is converted into ATP, the main form of energy used by cells.
  • Cell growth and development: Riboflavin is necessary for the normal growth and development of cells. It is involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, as well as in the metabolism of folic acid and vitamin B12, which are also necessary for cellular growth and development.
  • Antioxidant Protection: Riboflavin helps protect the cells from damage by free radicals. FAD is necessary for the functioning of glutathioneductase, an enzyme that plays an important role in antioxidant protection.
  • Health of the skin and mucous membranes: Riboflavin is necessary to maintain the health of the skin and mucous membranes. It helps maintain the integrity of these tissues and protects them from damage.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Insufficient consumption with food: The main cause of riboflavin deficiency is insufficient consumption of products rich in riboflavin, such as dairy products, meat, eggs, green leafy vegetables and whole grain products.
  • Alcoholism: Alcohol abuse can violate the absorption of riboflavin and increase its excretion in urine.
  • Some drugs: Some drugs, such as tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsant drugs, can reduce the level of riboflavin in the body.
  • Chronic diseases: Some chronic diseases, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, may disrupt the absorption of riboflavin in the intestine.
  • Pregnancy and lactation: During pregnancy and lactation, the need for riboflavin increases, and if consumption does not increase, a deficiency may develop.
  • Phototherapy in newborns: Phototherapy used to treat jaundice in newborns can destroy riboflavin.

• Deficiency symptoms:

  • Heyrozy: Cracks and inflammation in the corners of the mouth.
  • Glossit: Inflammation of the tongue, which becomes smooth and red.
  • Seborrheic dermatitis: Scaly, oily inflammation of the skin, especially around the nose, mouth and ears.
  • Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, causing redness, itching and lacrimation.
  • Photophobia: Sensitivity to light.
  • Anemia: Riboflavin deficiency can contribute to the development of anemia.
  • Fatigue and weakness: Riboflavin deficiency reduces the body’s ability to produce energy, which leads to fatigue and weakness.

• Diagnosis:

  • Blood test: The measurement of the level of riboflavin in the blood can help determine the deficiency.
  • Measurement of riboflavin excretion in urine: The measurement of the amount of riboflavin distinguished in the urine can help assess the status of riboflavin in the body.
  • Clinical assessment: Assessment of the symptoms and medical history of the patient.

• Treatment:

  • Reception of riboflavin additives: Riboflavin oral intake to fill the deficit. The dosage depends on the degree of deficiency and severity of the symptoms.
  • Diet change: An increase in the consumption of products rich in riboflavin, such as dairy products, meat, eggs, green leafy vegetables and whole grains.
  • Treatment of concomitant diseases: Treatment of any related diseases that can contribute to riboflavin deficiency.

B3 (niacin): metabolism, DNA and skin health

Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, plays an important role in many aspects of health, including energy metabolism, DNA synthesis and maintaining skin health. It exists in two main forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Niacin is the predecessor of two important coofers: nicotinindenindininocleotide (above) and nicotinindinindininicoleotidfosphate (NAS), which participate in hundreds of enzymatic reactions in the body.

• Role in the body:

  • Energy metabolism: Over and NADF play a key role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. They participate in oxidative phosphorylation, a process in which energy from food is converted into ATP.
  • Synthesis DNA and RNA: Niacin is necessary for the synthesis and restoration of DNA and RNA.
  • Antioxidant Protection: NADF is involved in maintaining a glutathionic system that plays an important role in antioxidant protection.
  • Skin health: Niacin helps maintain skin health, protecting it from damage and inflammation. It can also help reduce redness and skin irritation.
  • The function of the nervous system: Niacin plays a role in maintaining the normal function of the nervous system.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Insufficient consumption with food: The main cause of niacin deficiency is insufficient consumption of products rich in niacin, such as meat, fish, poultry, nuts, seeds and whole grains.
  • Insufficient tripophan consumption: The body can synthesize niacin from the amino acid of tryptophan. Therefore, insufficient intake of tryptophan can also lead to niacin deficiency.
  • Hartnupa disease: This is a genetic disease that disrupts the absorption of a tripophane in the intestine, which leads to a deficiency of niacin.
  • Carcinoid syndrome: This is a condition in which the tumor distinguishes a large amount of serotonin, which can deplete the stocks of tryptophan, which leads to a shortage of niacin.
  • Alcoholism: Alcohol abuse can violate the absorption of Niacin and Triptophan.

• Symptoms of deficiency (Pellagra):

  • Dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin, which usually affects areas exposed to sunlight. The skin becomes red, rough and peeling.
  • Diarrhea: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, leading to diarrhea.
  • Dementia: Neurological symptoms, such as loss of memory, confusion of consciousness and depression. In severe cases, dementia may develop.
  • Death: If Pellagra is not treated, it can lead to death.

• Diagnosis:

  • Clinical assessment: Assessment of the symptoms and medical history of the patient.
  • Urine analysis: Measurement of Niacin metabolites in the urine can help determine the deficit.
  • Blood test: The measurement of the level of tripophane in the blood can help evaluate the status of a tripophane in the body.

• Treatment:

  • Reception of niacin additives: Niacin oral administration to replenish the deficit. The dosage depends on the degree of deficiency and severity of the symptoms.
  • Diet change: An increase in the consumption of products rich in niacin and tripophane, such as meat, fish, poultry, nuts, seeds and whole grain products.
  • Treatment of concomitant diseases: Treatment of any related diseases that can contribute to niacin deficiency.

B5 (pantothenic acid): coherent A and metabolism

Pantotenic acid, or vitamin B5, is an important nutrient necessary for many aspects of health, including energy metabolism and the synthesis of hormones. It plays a key role in the formation of coherent A (COA), which is involved in more than 100 different enzymatic reactions in the body.

• Role in the body:

  • Energy metabolism: KOA plays a key role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It is involved in the Crebs cycle, which is a central metabolic route for energy production.
  • Hormone synthesis: CoA is necessitated for syntheses of hormones, such as steroid hormones (corisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen) and neurotransmitters.
  • Cholesterol synthesis: KOA is involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, which is necessary to build cell membranes and synthesis of steroid hormones.
  • Synthesis of fatty acids: COA is necessary for the synthesis of fatty acids, which are an important source of energy and are necessary for constructing cell membranes.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Pantothenic acid deficiency is raresince it is widespread in food.
  • Strong malnozh: A deficiency of pantothenic acid can occur in people suffering from severe malnutrition.
  • Genetic disorders: Some genetic disorders may disrupt the metabolism of pantothenic acid.

• Deficiency symptoms:

  • Numbness and tingling in the arms and legs: This is one of the most characteristic symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency.
  • Fatigue and weakness: The deficiency of pantothenic acid can reduce the body’s ability to produce energy, which leads to fatigue and weakness.
  • Headaches: Pantothenic acid deficiency can cause headaches.
  • Irritability: Pantothenic acid deficiency can cause irritability.
  • Insomnia: Pantothenic acid deficiency can cause insomnia.
  • Nausea and vomiting: Pantothenic acid deficiency can cause nausea and vomiting.
  • Muscle cramps: Pantothenic acid deficiency can cause muscle cramps.

• Diagnosis:

  • Clinical assessment: Assessment of the symptoms and medical history of the patient.
  • Urine analysis: Measurement of the level of pantothenic acid in the urine can help determine the deficit. (However, this method is not always reliable)

• Treatment:

  • Reception of pantothenic acid additives: The oral intake of pantothenic acid to replenish the deficiency. The dosage depends on the degree of deficiency and severity of the symptoms.
  • Diet change: An increase in the consumption of products rich in pantothenic acid, such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, mushrooms, avocados and broccoli.
  • Treatment of concomitant diseases: Treatment of any related diseases that can contribute to a deficiency of pantothenic acid.

B6 (pyridoxin): protein metabolism and nervous system

Vitamin B6, also known as Pyridoxine, is a group of six related compounds (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and their phosphorized forms) that play an important role in many metabolic processes in the body. It is especially important for protein metabolism, as well as for the function of the nervous system and the formation of red blood cells.

• Role in the body:

  • Protein metabolism: Vitamin B6 is necessary for the metabolism of amino acids, building blocks of proteins. It is involved in transamining, mamaminating and decarboxylation of amino acids that are necessary for the synthesis of proteins, neurotransmitters and other important molecules.
  • The function of the nervous system: Vitamin B6 is necessary for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine and gamma-aminomatic acid (GABA), which play an important role in the regulation of mood, sleep and other functions of the nervous system. It also participates in the formation of the myelin shell, the protective coating of the nerve fibers.
  • The formation of red blood cells: Vitamin B6 is necessary for the synthesis of hem, a component of hemoglobin, which tolerates oxygen in red blood cells.
  • Immune function: Vitamin B6 is necessary to maintain normal immune function.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Insufficient consumption with food: Vitamin B6 deficiency can occur with insufficient consumption of products rich in vitamin B6, such as meat, fish, poultry, whole grain products, nuts, seeds and legumes.
  • Alcoholism: Alcohol can violate the absorption and metabolism of vitamin B6.
  • Some drugs: Some drugs, such as isoniazide (used to treat tuberculosis) and penicilllamine (used to treat Wilson’s disease), can reduce vitamin B6 in the body.
  • Kidney diseases: Kidney diseases can disrupt vitamin B6 metabolism.
  • Malbsorbium syndrome: Diseases that disrupt the absorption of nutrients in the intestine, such as the disease of the crown and celiac disease, can lead to a deficiency of vitamin B6.

• Deficiency symptoms:

  • Anemia: Vitamin B6 deficiency can cause microcitic anemia, in which red blood cells become small and pale.
  • Dermatitis: Vitamin B6 deficiency can cause seborrheic dermatitis, which is characterized by scaly, oily skin, especially around the nose, mouth and eyebrows.
  • Neurological symptoms: Vitamin B6 deficiency can cause neurological symptoms, such as depression, irritability, confusion, cramps and peripheral neuropathy (numbness, tingling and pain in the arms and legs).
  • Glossitis and heyloz: Vitamin B6 deficiency can cause inflammation of the tongue (glossitis) and cracks in the corners of the mouth (cheloz).
  • Weakening of the immune system: Vitamin B6 deficiency can weaken the immune system, making a person more susceptible to infections.

• Diagnosis:

  • Blood test: Measurement of vitamin B6 levels (pyridoxal-5-phosphate, PLP) in the blood is the most common way to diagnose vitamin B6 deficiency.
  • Urine analysis: Measurement of vitamin B6 metabolites in the urine can help assess the status of vitamin B6 in the body.
  • Clinical assessment: Assessment of the symptoms and medical history of the patient.

• Treatment:

  • Reception of vitamin B6 additives: Vitamin B6 oral intake to replenish the deficit. The dosage depends on the degree of deficiency and severity of the symptoms.
  • Diet change: An increase in the consumption of products rich in vitamin B6, such as meat, fish, poultry, whole grain products, nuts, seeds and legumes.
  • Treatment of concomitant diseases: Treatment of any related diseases that can contribute to vitamin B6 deficiency.
  • Continuing medication: If the deficiency of vitamin B6 is caused by the medicine, it is necessary to discuss with the doctor the possibility of stopping taking this medicine or replacing it with another.

B7 (BIOTIN): Hair, skin and nails health

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H, is an important nutrient that plays an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It is also important for the health of hair, skin and nails. Biotin is a cooferment of several carboxylase, enzymes that are involved in carboxylation reactions necessary for various metabolic processes.

• Role in the body:

  • Metabolism of carbohydrates: Biotin is necessary for gluconeogenesis, the process of formation of glucose from non -nuclear sources, such as amino acids and glycerin.
  • Fat metabolism: Biotin is necessary for the synthesis of fatty acids and metabolism of linoleic acid.
  • Protein metabolism: Biotin is involved in amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis.
  • Health of hair, skin and nails: Biotin helps maintain the health of hair, skin and nails. It can help strengthen hair and nails, as well as improve the condition of the skin.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Biotin’s deficiency is raresince it is widespread in food and can be synthesized by bacteria in the intestines.
  • Consumption of raw egg protein: Raw egg protein contains avidine, protein, which is associated with biotin and prevents its absorption in the intestine. Regular consumption of a large amount of raw egg protein can lead to a biotin deficiency.
  • Genetic disorders: Some genetic disorders, such as a deficiency of biotinidase, can violate biotin metabolism.
  • Long -term use of antibiotics: Long -term use of antibiotics can destroy bacteria in the intestines that synthesize biotin, which can lead to a biotin deficiency.
  • Pregnancy: During pregnancy, the need for biotin increases, and if consumption does not increase, a deficiency may develop.

• Deficiency symptoms:

  • Hair loss: Hair loss is one of the most common symptoms of biotin deficiency.
  • Dermatitis: Biotin deficiency can cause seborrheic dermatitis, which is characterized by scaly, oily skin, especially around the nose, mouth and eyebrows.
  • Fitty nails: Biotin deficiency can lead to fragility of nails.
  • Neurological symptoms: Biotin deficiency can cause neurological symptoms such as depression, fatigue, hallucinations and numbness and tingling in the hands and legs.

• Diagnosis:

  • Clinical assessment: Assessment of the symptoms and medical history of the patient.
  • Blood test: The measurement of the level of biotin in the blood can help determine the deficiency.
  • Urine analysis: Measurement of biotin metabolites in the urine can help assess the status of biotin in the body.

• Treatment:

  • Reception of biotin additives: Octus intake of biotin to replenish the deficit. The dosage depends on the degree of deficiency and severity of the symptoms.
  • Diet change: An increase in the consumption of products rich in biotin, such as meat, fish, eggs, nuts, seeds and whole grain products.
  • Treatment of concomitant diseases: Treatment of any related diseases that can contribute to the deficiency of biotin.

B9 (folic acid): DNA synthesis and fetal development

Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is an important nutrient necessary for many aspects of health, including DNA synthesis, the formation of red blood cells and the development of the fetus. It plays a key role in the division and growth of cells, which makes it especially important during pregnancy. Folic acid is a water -soluble vitamin that does not accumulate in the body in significant quantities, so regular intake with food or in the form of additives is necessary. A folate is a natural form of vitamin B9 contained in food, and folic acid is a synthetic form used in additions and enriched products.

• Role in the body:

  • DNA synthesis: Folic acid is necessary for the synthesis and restoration of DNA, the genetic material of cells.
  • The formation of red blood cells: Folic acid is necessary for the formation of healthy red blood cells. Its deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia, in which red blood cells become large and immature.
  • Fetal development: Folic acid plays an important role in the development of the fetal nervous tube in the first weeks of pregnancy. Sufficient consumption of folic acid can help prevent defects in the nervous tube, such as Spina Bifida and Anencephaly.
  • Homocysteine metabolism: Folic acid is involved in the metabolism of homocysteine, amino acids, the high level of which in the blood is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Insufficient consumption with food: The main cause of folic acid deficiency is insufficient consumption of products rich in folic acid, such as green leafy vegetables, legumes, fruits and enriched products.
  • Alcoholism: Alcohol can disrupt the absorption and metabolism of folic acid.
  • Malbsorbium syndrome: Diseases that disrupt the absorption of nutrients in the intestine, such as the disease of the crown and celiac disease, can lead to a deficiency of folic acid.
  • Some drugs: Some drugs, such as methotrexate (used to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases) and anticonvulsant drugs, can reduce folic acid in the body.
  • Pregnancy: During pregnancy, the need for folic acid increases, and if consumption does not increase, a deficiency may develop.

• Deficiency symptoms:

  • Megaloblastic anemia: Fatigue, weakness, pallor of the skin, shortness of breath and dizziness.
  • Glossit: Inflammation of the tongue, which becomes smooth and red.
  • Fatigue and weakness: Folic acid deficiency reduces the body’s ability to produce energy, which leads to fatigue and weakness.
  • Irritability: Folic acid deficiency can cause irritability.
  • Taries in the mouth: Folic acid deficiency can cause ulcers in the mouth.
  • Diarrhea: Folic acid deficiency can cause diarrhea.
  • Congenital defects (during pregnancy): Folic acid deficiency during pregnancy can lead to defects in the nerve tube in the fetus.

• Diagnosis:

  • Blood test: Measuring the level of folic acid in the blood is the most common way to diagnose folic acid deficiency.
  • Blood test for a general blood test: A general blood test can show signs of megaloblastic anemia.
  • Analysis of homocysteine levels: An increased level of homocysteine in the blood may indicate a deficiency of folic acid.

• Treatment:

  • Reception of folic acid additives: The oral intake of folic acid to replenish the deficiency. The dosage depends on the degree of deficiency and severity of the symptoms. Pregnant women are recommended to take 400-800 μg of folic acid per day to prevent defects in the nerve tube in the fetus.
  • Diet change: An increase in the consumption of products rich in folic acid, such as green leafy vegetables, legumes, fruits and enriched products.
  • Treatment of concomitant diseases: Treatment of any related diseases that can contribute to folic acid deficiency.
  • Continuing medication: If the deficiency of folic acid is caused by the medicine, it is necessary to discuss with the doctor the possibility of stopping taking this medicine or replacing it with another.

B12 (cobalamin): nervous system, DNA and energy

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an important nutrient necessary for the health of the nervous system, the synthesis of DNA and the formation of red blood cells. It plays a key role in the metabolism of cells and energy. Vitamin B12 is a water -soluble vitamin that is not synthesized in the body and should come with food or in the form of additives. The main forms of vitamin B12 are cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin.

• Role in the body:

  • The function of the nervous system: Vitamin B12 is necessary for the formation of a myelin shell, the protective coating of the nerve fibers. Its deficiency can lead to nerves damage and neurological symptoms.
  • DNA synthesis: Vitamin B12 is necessary for the synthesis and restoration of DNA.
  • The formation of red blood cells: Vitamin B12 is necessary for the formation of healthy red blood cells. Its deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia.
  • Homocysteine metabolism: Vitamin B12 is involved in the metabolism of homocysteine, amino acids, the high level of which in the blood is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
  • Energy metabolism: Vitamin B12 is involved in metabolic processes that help the body produce energy.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Insufficient consumption with food: Vitamin B12 is mainly contained in animal products, such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs and dairy products. Vegans and vegetarians are at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency if they do not accept additives or do not use enriched products.
  • Absorption violation: Vitamin B12 requires a special protein called an internal factor for absorption in a subtle