affecting eyes and vision

Eye and vision: factors affecting health and quality of life

I. Anatomy and physiology of vision: the basis of understanding problems

Before discussing the factors affecting the health of the eyes, it is important to understand the basic structure and functions of the eye. The eye is a complex organ that converts the light into electrical signals, which the brain interprets as an image. Key components include:

• Cornea: A transparent outer shell refracting light and protecting the eye. Its smoothness and transparency are critical for a clear vision.
• Iris: The color part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil regulates the amount of light falling into the eye.
• Pupil: The hole in the rainbow shell through which the light passes. The size of the pupil automatically adapts to lighting.
• Crystalik: A transparent lens, focusing light on the retina. The lens can change the form (accommodation) for focusing at objects that are at different distances.
• Retina: The photosensitive shell in the back of the eye containing photoreceptors (sticks and cones). The sticks are responsible for vision in conditions of low illumination, and cones – for color vision and visual acuity.
• Yellow spot (macula): The area in the center of the retina, containing a high concentration of cones and is responsible for central vision and small parts.
• Vine nerve: Transmits electrical signals from the retina to the brain for processing.
• Glass: A gel -like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina, maintaining the shape of the eye and ensuring transparency.

The process of vision begins with the passage of the light through the cornea and the crystal, which focus it on the retina. Photoreceptors in the retina convert light into electrical signals that are transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain. The brain processes these signals, creating visual perception. Violations in any of these components can lead to vision problems.

II. Genetic factors: heredity and predisposition

Genetics plays a significant role in the health of the eyes and the development of various diseases. Some eye diseases have a clear hereditary connection, while others arise as a result of the interaction of genetic factors and environmental factors.

• Refractal errors (myopia, farsightedness, astigmatism): The hereditary predisposition to these conditions is well known. If parents have refractive errors, their children increase the risk of developing similar problems. Specific genes involved in the development of refractive errors are still studied, but family history is an important risk factor.
• Glaucoma: A chronic disease characterized by damage to the optic nerve, often associated with high intraocular pressure. Glaucoma can be hereditary, especially defined types, such as primary open -angle glaucoma. The presence of glaucoma in a family history significantly increases the risk of the development of the disease.
• Age macular degeneration (VMD): The main reason for loss of vision in the elderly. Genetic factors play an important role in the development of the VMD. Several genes associated with an increased risk of development of the VMD are identified, including complement genes.
• Retinites: A group of hereditary diseases of the retina leading to progressive loss of vision. Retinites are caused by mutations in various genes specific to photoreceptors or other retinal cells.
• Cataract: The clouding of the lens of the eye. Although cataracts are often associated with aging, certain types of cataracts can be hereditary, especially at a young age.
• Daltonism (color blindness): Usually inherited, especially in men. Dalthonism is caused by mutations in genes responsible for the production of pigments in retinal cones.
• Ptosis (omission of the upper eyelid): In some cases, it can be hereditary and associated with genetic mutations that affect the muscles that raise the eyelid.
• Straibism (strabismus): It may have a genetic predisposition, especially if several family members have this condition.

It is important to note that a genetic predisposition does not always mean that a person will necessarily get sick. Environmental factors and lifestyle also play a role in the development of many eye diseases. However, knowledge of its family history allows you to take preventive measures and undergo regular examinations at an ophthalmologist for the early detection and treatment of diseases.

III. Age -related changes: natural process and prevention

With age, natural changes occur in the eyes that can affect vision. Some of these changes are inevitable, but others can be slowed or prevented with the help of a healthy lifestyle and regular examinations by an ophthalmologist.

• Presbyopia: Reducing the ability of the lens to focus on close objects. This is a universal age -related change, usually starting after 40 years. The lens loses its elasticity, which makes it difficult to change the form for focus on close objects. Presbiopia is adjusted by reading glasses or multifocal lenses.
• Cataract: The clouding of the lens of the eye. Although cataracts can develop at any age, it is more common in older people. With age, proteins in the lens begin to aggregate, which leads to clouding. Cataract causes blurred vision, sensitivity to light and a change in color perception. Cataract treatment – surgical removal of a clouded lens and replacing it with an artificial lens (intracular lens).
• Age macular degeneration (VMD): Degenerative disease of the macula, areas in the center of the retina responsible for central vision. The VMD leads to the progressive loss of central vision, making it difficult to read, driving and recognition of persons. There are two forms of VMD: dry and wet. Dry VMD is characterized by the formation of a friend (yellowish deposits) under the retina, and a wet VMD – growth of abnormal blood vessels under the mesh. Treatment of the VMD may include injections of anti-VEGF drugs (for a wet VMD), laser therapy and vitamin additives.
• Glaucoma: A chronic disease characterized by damage to the optic nerve. The risk of developing glaucoma increases with age. Glaucoma often occurs asymptomatic in the early stages, so regular examinations of an ophthalmologist are important for early detection and treatment. Treatment of glaucoma may include eye drops, laser therapy or surgical intervention to reduce intraocular pressure.
• Dry eyes: A common condition, especially in the elderly, caused by insufficient development of tears or its rapid evaporation. Dry eyes causes discomfort, burning, redness and sensation of a foreign body in the eye. Treatment of dry eyes may include artificial tears, eye drops that stimulate the production of tears, and changes in lifestyle.
• Flax of the vitreous body: With age, a vitreous body, a gel -like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina, can become more liquid and form clots or threads, which discard the shadows to the retina, perceived as “flies” before the eyes. Usually this is a harmless state, but in some cases, “flies” can be a sign of more serious problems, such as retinal detachment.
• Reducing the size of the pupil: With age, the pupil decreases in size, which leads to a smaller amount of light reaching the retina. This can complicate vision in low light conditions.

To maintain the health of the eyes with age, it is recommended:

• Regular examinations by an ophthalmologist.
• Healthy nutrition, rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids.
• Eye protection from ultraviolet radiation.
• Control of chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension.
• Crossing smoking.
• Maintaining the optimal level of humidity in the room.

IV. Environmental Factors: Impact on Eye Health

The environment has a significant effect on the health of the eyes. The influence of certain factors can increase the risk of eye diseases and worsen vision.

• Ultraviolet radiation (UV): The excessive effect of UV radiation from the Sun can damage the eyes and increase the risk of cataracts, age-related macular degeneration (VMD) and other eye diseases. It is important to wear sunglasses that block 100% UV-A and UV-in rays, even on cloudy days. It is also recommended to wear a wide -brimmed hat for additional protection.
• Air pollution: Air pollution, especially hard particles and chemicals, can cause eye irritation, dry eyes and other problems. Long -term exposure to contaminated air can increase the risk of glaucoma and VMD. It is recommended to avoid polluted areas, use air purifiers in the room and wear protective glasses when working in conditions of high pollution.
• Dry air: Dry air, especially in heated or conditioned rooms, can cause dry eyes. Dry eyes causes discomfort, burning, redness and sensation of a foreign body in the eye. It is recommended to use air humidifiers, drink enough water and take breaks when working at a computer to blink more often.
• Bright light and glare: Excessive exposure to bright light and glare can cause fatigue of the eyes, headaches and visual impairment. It is important to use adjustable lighting, avoid a direct look at the sources of bright light and wear sunglasses on sunny days.
• Infections: Eye infections, such as conjunctivitis (pink eye), keratitis (inflammation of the cornea) and uvel (inflammation of the vascular membrane of the eye), can cause redness, pain, itching, secretion and deterioration of vision. It is important to comply with hygiene rules, such as frequent hand washing to prevent the spread of infections. If the symptoms of infection appear, consult a doctor.
• Injuries: Eye injuries, such as bruises, cuts and burns, can lead to serious damage and loss of vision. It is important to wear protective glasses when performing work related to the risk of eye injury, such as construction, welding and work with chemicals.
• Chemicals: The effect of chemicals, such as solvents, acids and alkalis, can cause eye burns and other serious damage. It is important to use protective glasses and gloves when working with chemicals.
• Smoking: Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of cataract, age -related macular degeneration (VMD), glaucomas and dry eyes. Smoking damages blood vessels that supply the eyes with oxygen and nutrients. The cessation of smoking is one of the most important steps that can be taken to protect the eyes of the eyes.
• Incorrect use of contact lenses: Improper use of contact lenses, such as wearing them longer than the recommended time, sleep in contact lenses and non -compliance with hygiene rules, can lead to cornea infections, cornea ulcers and other serious problems. It is important to follow the doctor’s recommendations on the use and care of contact lenses.

V. Nutrition and eye of the eyes: the importance of vitamins and minerals

Nutrition plays an important role in maintaining the health of the eyes and preventing the development of eye diseases. Certain vitamins, minerals and antioxidants are necessary for the normal function of the eyes and protection against damage.

• Vitamin A: It is necessary for the health of the cornea and retina. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to dry eyes, vision of vision in the dark (chicken blindness) and damage to the cornea. Sources of vitamin A include carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, cabbage and liver.
• Vitamin C: A powerful antioxidant protecting the eyes from damage by free radicals. Vitamin C can help reduce the risk of cataracts and age -related macular degeneration (VMD). Sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, bell pepper and broccoli.
• Vitamin E: Another powerful antioxidant protecting the eyes from damage to free radicals. Vitamin E can help reduce the risk of cataracts and the VMD. Sources of vitamin E include almonds, sunflower seeds, vegetable oils and green leafy vegetables.
• Lutein and Zeaxanthin: Carotinoids accumulating in Makula, the region in the center of the retina responsible for central vision. Luthein and Zeaksantin help to protect the macula from damage in blue light and free radicals. They can help reduce the risk of developing VMD and cataracts. Sources of Luthein and Zeaksanthin include spinach, cabbage, mustard greens, broccoli and egg yolks.
• Omega-3 fatty acids: Important to the health of the retina and lacrimal film. Omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce the risk of dryness of the eyes and VMD. Sources of omega-3 fatty acids include fatty fish (salmon, tuna, sardines), linen seed, chia seeds and walnuts.
• Zinc: It is necessary for the normal function of the retina and protection against damage to free radicals. Zinc can help reduce the risk of the development of VMD. Zinc sources include oysters, red meat, poultry, legumes and nuts.

It is recommended to use a diverse and balanced diet rich in these vitamins and minerals to maintain the health of the eyes. In some cases, the doctor may recommend taking vitamin additives.

VI. Chronic diseases and eye health: relationship

Some chronic diseases can have a significant effect on the health of the eyes and vision. The control and treatment of these diseases is important for preventing or slowing down the development of eye complications.

• Diabetes: Diabetes is one of the main causes of blindness around the world. Diabetes can damage blood vessels in the retina (diabetic retinopathy), which can lead to loss of vision. Monitoring of blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol is important for preventing or slowing down the development of diabetic retinopathy. Regular examinations of an ophthalmologist, including examination of the fundus, are necessary for the early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
• Hypertension (high blood pressure): Hypertension can damage the blood vessels in the retina (hypertensive retinopathy), which can lead to loss of vision. Control of blood pressure is important for the prevention or slowing down of the development of hypertensive retinopathy.
• Autoimmune diseases: Some autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and illness, can cause inflammation in the eyes (uve), which can lead to loss of vision. Treatment of autoimmune diseases can help control inflammation in the eyes and prevent damage.
• Thyroid diseases: Thyroid diseases, such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, can cause problems with eyes, such as bulging eyes (exophthalmos), double eyes and dry eyes. Treatment of thyroid diseases can help relieve eye symptoms.
• Scattered sclerosis: Scattered sclerosis can cause inflammation of the optic nerve (optical neuritis), which can lead to loss of vision. Treatment of multiple sclerosis can help control inflammation and prevent damage to the optic nerve.
• HIV/AIDS: HIV/AIDS can cause various eye infections and damage, such as cytomegalovirus retinite (CMV retinite), which can lead to loss of vision. Antirerovirus therapy can help control HIV/AIDS and prevent the development of eye complications.

Regular examinations at the doctor and ophthalmologist are important for the identification and treatment of chronic diseases and prevent eye complications.

VII. Work at the computer and eye health: digital eye fatigue

In the modern world, many people spend most of their time working at the computer or using other digital devices. Long -term use of digital devices can lead to digital eye fatigue (computer vision syndrome), which is characterized by various symptoms, such as:

• Eye fatigue: A feeling of fatigue and tension in the eyes.
• Dry eyes: Insufficient moisturizing the eyes.
• Lovetled vision: Temporary loss of clarity of vision.
• Headaches: Pain in the head associated with eye tension.
• Pain in the neck and shoulders: Pain in the neck and shoulders caused by improper posture when working at the computer.
• Photosensitivity: Sensitivity to bright light.

To reduce the risk of digital eye fatigue, it is recommended:

• Rule 20-20-20: Every 20 minutes take a break and look at an object located at a distance of 20 feet (6 meters) for 20 seconds.
• Blink more often: Blinking helps to moisturize your eyes.
• Use artificial tears: Artificial tears help moisturize their eyes and alleviate the symptoms of dry eyes.
• Adjust the lighting: Use adjustable lighting and avoid glare on the computer screen.
• Adjust the distance and position of the screen: The computer screen should be located at an extended arm and slightly below the eye level.
• Use blue light filters: Blue light emitted by digital devices can cause eye fatigue and sleep disturbance. The use of blue light filters can help reduce the effects of blue light.
• Take breaks: Take regular breaks at the computer to give your eyes to relax.
• Pass regular inspections by an ophthalmologist: Regular examinations of an ophthalmologist will help to identify and treat any vision problems that can aggravate the symptoms of digital eye fatigue.

VIII. Medicines and eye health: side effects

Some drugs can have a side effect on the eyes and vision. It is important to know about potential side effects of drugs and report any problem with your doctor.

• Corticosteroids: Long -term use of corticosteroids can increase the risk of cataracts and glaucoma.
• Antihistamines: Antihistamines can cause dry eyes.
• Antidepressants: Some antidepressants can cause blurry vision, dry eyes and the expansion of the pupils.
• Preparations for the treatment of acne (isolatinoin): Izotinoin can cause dry eyes, vision of vision in the dark and other vision problems.
• Malaria treatment drugs (chlorokhin and hydroxykhlorokhin): Chlorokhin and hydroxychlorochin can cause damage to the retina (retinopathy), which can lead to loss of vision. Regular examinations of an ophthalmologist are necessary for the identification and monitoring of retinopathy.
• Beta blockers: Beta blockers can reduce intraocular pressure, which can be useful for people with glaucoma, but in some cases they can cause dry eyes and blurry vision.
• Diuretics: Diuretics can cause dry eyes.
• Anticonvulsants: Some anticonvulsants can cause double in the eyes and other vision problems.

Before taking a new drug, you need to consult a doctor and inform him of any vision problems that you have. If during the medication you have any vision problems, consult a doctor.

IX. Prevention and early diagnosis: Keep to preserve vision

Prevention and early diagnosis play a key role in maintaining the health of the eyes and preserving vision. Regular examinations of an ophthalmologist are important for the identification and treatment of eye diseases in the early stages, when treatment is most effective.

• Regular examinations by an ophthalmologist: The frequency of examinations of an ophthalmologist depends on the age, family history and the presence of chronic diseases. Children need to undergo examinations at an ophthalmologist to identify and treat problems with vision, such as myopia, farsightedness, astigmatism and strabismus. Adults are recommended to undergo examinations at an ophthalmologist every 1-2 years, especially after 40 years, when the risk of eye diseases increases. People with diabetes, hypertension or family history of eye diseases need to undergo examinations at an ophthalmologist more often.
• Independent eye examination: Regularly check the vision of each eye separately. Pay attention to any changes in vision, such as blurry vision, double in the eyes, the appearance of “flies” in front of the eyes, outbreaks of light or narrowing of the field of view. If you notice any changes in vision, consult a doctor immediately.
• Eye Protection from the Sun: Wear sunglasses blocking 100% UV-A and UV-in rays, even on cloudy days.
• Healthy lifestyle: Support a healthy lifestyle, including healthy nutrition, regular physical exercises and rejection of smoking.
• Control of chronic diseases: Control chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension to prevent the development of eye complications.
• Compliance with hygiene rules: Follow hygiene rules such as frequent hand washing to prevent the spread of eye infections.
• Safety when using contact lenses: Follow the doctor’s recommendations on the use and care of contact lenses.
• Eye protection when performing dangerous work: Wear protective glasses when performing work related to the risk of eye injury.

Early detection and treatment of eye diseases can help prevent vision loss and maintain the quality of life.

X. Modern methods of diagnosis and treatment: new opportunities

Modern ophthalmology offers a wide range of methods of diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases. The development of technology allows you to identify diseases in the early stages and conduct more effective treatment.

• Optical coherent tomography (OKT): The method of visualization of the retina, which allows to obtain high -precision images of layers of the retina and optic nerve. OKT is used to diagnose and monitor glaucoma, age macular degeneration (VMD), diabetic retinopathy and other diseases of the retina and optic nerve.
• Fluorescence angiography (phage): The method of visualization of blood vessels of the retina. The phage is used to diagnose and monitor diabetic retinopathy, VMD and other retinal diseases.
• Indian-green angiography (HISGA): The method of visualization of the blood vessels of the rogue (vascular membrane of the eye). The HIG is used for diagnosis and monitoring of the VMD, polypoid choroidal vasculopathy (PHV) and other diseases of the goodness.
• Authorfractometry: The method of measuring the eye refraction (myopia, farsightedness, astigmatism). Authorfractometry is used to select glasses and contact lenses.
• Tonometry: The method of measuring intraocular pressure. Tonometry is used to diagnose glaucoma.
• Perimetry: The method of measuring the field of vision. The perimetry is used to diagnose glaucoma, lesions of the optic nerve and other diseases affecting the field of view.
• Laser surgery: Laser surgery is used to treat various eye diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and EMD.
• Intravitreal injections: Injections of drugs directly into the vitreous body are used to treat a wet form of VMD, diabetic macular edema and other retinal diseases.
• Cataract surgery: Surgical removal of a clouded lens and replacing it with an artificial lens (intraocular lens). Modern methods of cataract surgery allow the operation quickly and painlessly, with good visual restoration results.
• Refractal surgery: Surgical methods of refraction correction (myopia, farsightedness, astigmatism). The most common methods of refractive surgery are LASIK and FRK.

The development of technology in ophthalmology allows for more accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of eye diseases, which helps to preserve the vision and improve the quality of life of patients.

XI. Alternative and additional methods of treatment: opportunities and restrictions

Some people use alternative and additional treatment methods to maintain eye health and treat eye diseases. It is important to understand the capabilities and limitations of these methods and consult a doctor before their use.

• Acupuncture: Some studies show that acupuncture can be effective for treating dry eyes and glaucoma. However, additional studies are needed to confirm these results.
• Herbal medicines: Some herbal drugs, such as ginkgo bilobe and blueberries, can have antioxidant and anti -inflammatory properties and can be useful for the health of the eyes. However, additional studies are needed to evaluate their effectiveness and safety.
• Yoga and meditation: Yoga and meditation can help reduce stress and improve the general health, which can positively affect the health of the eyes.
• Dietary additives: Some dietary supplements, such as lutein, zeaxantin and omega-3 fatty acids, can be useful for the health of the eyes. However, it is important to observe the recommended doses and consult a doctor before taking them.

It is important to remember that alternative and additional treatment methods should not replace traditional medical treatment. Before using these methods, you need to consult a doctor in order to verify their safety and effectiveness.

XII. Information technologies and eye health: use and restrictions

Information technologies play an increasingly important role in our lives, including healthcare and ophthalmology. There are various applications and devices designed to evaluate and monitor the health of the eyes.

• Online vision tests: Online visual tests can help check visual acuity and identify some vision problems. However, online vision tests cannot replace a full-fledged examination by an ophthalmologist.
• Applications for measuring intraocular pressure: Some applications use a smartphone camera to measure intraocular pressure. However, the accuracy of these measurements can be low, and they cannot replace the measurement of intraocular pressure using traditional methods.
• Applications for monitoring dry eyes: Some applications use smartphone sensors to evaluate the symptoms of dry eyes. These applications can help control the condition of dry eyes and recall the need to use artificial tears.
• Telemedicine: Telemedicine allows you to consult an ophthalmologist remotely using video communication and other information technologies. Telemedicine can be useful for people living in remote areas or having limited access to medical services.

It is important to understand the restrictions on information technology and not rely on them exclusively for evaluating and monitoring the health of the eyes. Regular examinations of an ophthalmologist remain necessary to maintain the health of the eyes and prevent loss of vision.

XIII. Forecasts and future of ophthalmology: Prospects

Ophthalmology is constantly developing, new methods of diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases appear. In the future, the following achievements can be expected:

• Gene therapy: Gene therapy can be used to treat hereditary eye diseases such as retinal dynine and dystrophy.
• Artificial intelligence (AI): AI can be used to automatically diagnose eye diseases according to the images of the retina and optic nerve.
• Nanotechnology: Nanotechnologies can be used to deliver drugs directly into the affected tissues of the eye.
• Bionics: Bioonic eyes can be used to restore vision in people with full loss of vision.
• Prevention of eye diseases: The development of preventive measures aimed at reducing the risk of the development of eye diseases, such as VMD, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy.

The future of ophthalmology promises new opportunities for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of eye diseases, which will maintain vision and improve the quality of life of millions of people around the world.

XIV. The role of society and the state in maintaining the health of the eyes

Society and the state play an important role in maintaining the health of the eye of the population. It is necessary to conduct educational programs aimed at increasing awareness of the importance of prevention and early diagnosis of eye diseases.

• Conducting screening programs: Screening programs allow you to identify eye diseases in the early stages in large groups of the population.
• Ensuring the availability of ophthalmological assistance: It is necessary to ensure the availability of ophthalmological assistance for all segments of the population, regardless of the place of residence and socio-economic status.
• Scientific research financing: It is necessary to finance scientific studies aimed at developing new methods of diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases.
• Development and implementation of medical care standards: It is necessary to develop and implement standards for the provision of medical care in the field of ophthalmology based on modern scientific data.
• Training of medical workers: It is necessary to conduct training of medical workers working in the field of health care on the prevention and early diagnosis of eye diseases.

The joint efforts of society and the state aimed at maintaining the health of the eye of the population will reduce the incidence and disability in vision and improve the quality of life of people.