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The influence of climatic changes on human health
I. Direct consequences of extreme weather phenomena:
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Thermal waves:
- Pathophysiology:
- Thermoregulation mechanisms: vascular expansion, sweating.
- Thermoregulation failure: disruption of compensatory mechanisms at high temperatures, especially in the elderly, children and people with chronic diseases.
- Dehydration: a decrease in the volume of circulating blood, blood clotting, an electrolyte balance.
- Thermal blow: a severe form of hyperthermia, characterized by organs, damage to the brain, high mortality.
- Thermal exhaustion: headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, muscle cramps due to loss of liquid and electrolytes.
- Thermal cramps: painful cramps of muscles, usually the legs and abdomen that occur as a result of electrolyte imbalance.
- At-risk groups:
- Older people: a reduced ability to adapt to high temperatures, the presence of concomitant diseases.
- Children: a higher metabolic rate, increased sensitivity to dehydration.
- People with chronic diseases: cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes, mental disorders.
- People taking certain drugs: diuretics, anticholinergic drugs, beta-blockers.
- Open -air people engaged in physical work: builders, farmers, athletes.
- People with low socio-economic status: limited access to air conditioning, medical care.
- Clinical manifestations:
- Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, muscle cramps, confusion, loss of consciousness, cramps, hyperthermia (body temperature above 40 ° C with a thermal blow).
- Diagnosis:
- Anamnesis (information on the effects of high temperatures, physical activity, concomitant diseases, drugs taken).
- Physical examination (measurement of body temperature, assessment of the level of consciousness, hydration, neurological status).
- Laboratory studies (blood test for evaluating electrolytes, kidney function, liver, glucose, blood gas levels).
- Treatment:
- Cooling: moving to a cool place, removing clothes, applying cold compresses, dousing with cold water, blowing a fan.
- Reedation: replenishment of fluid and electrolytes as oral or intravenously.
- Drug therapy: for stopping seizures, maintaining the function of the cardiovascular system.
- Respiratory support: if necessary – oxygen therapy, artificial ventilation of the lungs.
- Prevention:
- Avoiding physical activity in the hot time of the day.
- Abundant drink.
- Wearing light, light clothes.
- Stay in cool places.
- Using air conditioners or fans.
- Restriction of alcohol and caffeine.
- Control of the health of people from risk groups.
- Information of the population about risks associated with thermal waves, and prevention measures.
- Statistics and forecasts:
- An increase in the frequency and intensity of heat waves around the world.
- The increase in the incidence and mortality associated with thermal waves.
- The need to develop and implement plans for thermal waves.
- Pathophysiology:
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Floods:
- Exact mechanisms:
- Drowning: The main cause of death during floods.
- Injuries: bruises, fractures, wounds obtained as a result of exposure to the flow of water, collapse of buildings, falling objects.
- Infectious diseases: the spread of pathogens through contaminated water (cholera, typhoid, hepatitis a, leptospirosis, dysentery).
- Diseases transmitted through mosquitoes: an increase in the mosquito population after floods, which leads to an increase in the incidence of malaria, a fever of the Denge, the feverish of the Western Nile.
- Pollution of water and soil with chemicals: entering the environment of industrial waste, pesticides, fertilizers, oil products.
- Psychological consequences: post -traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance.
- At-risk groups:
- People living in lowlands and coastal areas.
- Children: more susceptible to infectious diseases.
- Older people: reduced mobility, the presence of concomitant diseases.
- People with disabilities: difficulties in evacuation.
- People with low socio-economic status: limited access to safe housing, clean water, and medical care.
- Clinical manifestations:
- Symptoms of drowning: cough, shortness of breath, loss of consciousness, breathing stop.
- Symptoms of infectious diseases: fever, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, skin rash.
- Symptoms of PTSD: repeated experiences of a traumatic event, avoiding places and situations reminiscent of injury, increased anxiety, irritability, sleep disturbance.
- Diagnosis:
- Anamnesis (information on the effects of floods, contact with contaminated water, insect bites).
- Physical examination (assessment of the state of respiratory and cardiovascular systems, detection of injuries, signs of infection).
- Laboratory studies (blood, urine, feces to identify infectious agents, evaluate organs).
- Treatment:
- Drowning: resuscitation measures (artificial respiration, indirect heart massage), hospitalization.
- Injuries: wound processing, tire imposition, surgical intervention if necessary.
- Infectious diseases: antibiotic therapy, rehydration, symptomatic treatment.
- PTSD: psychotherapy, drug treatment.
- Prevention:
- Development and implementation of evacuation plans.
- Strengthening the coast of rivers and water bodies.
- Creation of early flood warning systems.
- Providing the population with clean water and hygiene products.
- Vaccination against infectious diseases.
- Psychological support of the victims.
- Statistics and forecasts:
- Increasing the frequency and intensity of floods around the world.
- An increase in the number of victims and dead as a result of floods.
- The need for investment in infrastructure to protect against floods.
- Exact mechanisms:
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Droughts:
- Exact mechanisms:
- Disadvantage of water: restriction of access to drinking water, which leads to dehydration, impaired renal function, increase the risk of infectious diseases.
- Lack of food: the death of agricultural crops and livestock, which leads to hunger, malnutrition, and a shortage of nutrients.
- Water pollution: concentration of pollutants in the remaining sources of water, which increases the risk of infectious diseases.
- Puffy storms: an increase in the concentration of dust in the air, which leads to respiratory diseases, allergic reactions.
- Forest fires: an increase in the risk of forest fires, which leads to air pollution by combustion products, injuries, burns, and respiratory diseases.
- Migration of the population: the movement of people in the search for water and food, which leads to overpopulation, conflicts, and the spread of infectious diseases.
- At-risk groups:
- People living in arid regions.
- Children: more susceptible to dehydration and malnutrition.
- Older people: a reduced ability to adapt to a lack of water and food.
- People with chronic diseases: a weakened immune system, an increased risk of complications.
- People with low socio-economic status: limited access to water, food, and medical care.
- Clinical manifestations:
- Symptoms of dehydration: thirst, dry mouth, headache, dizziness, weakness, reduction of urination, constipation.
- Symptoms of malnutrition: weight loss, weakness, fatigue, violation of growth and development in children, a decrease in immunity.
- Symptoms of respiratory diseases: cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, nasal congestion.
- Symptoms of allergic reactions: runny nose, lacrimation, skin rash, itching.
- Symptoms of burns: pain, redness, blisters, swelling.
- Diagnosis:
- Anamnesis (information on the impact of drought, access to water and food, the presence of chronic diseases).
- Physical examination (assessment of the degree of dehydration, nutritional condition, the presence of respiratory diseases, allergic reactions, burns).
- Laboratory studies (blood test, urine for assessing the function of kidneys, electrolyte balance, nutrient level).
- Treatment:
- Dehydration: rehydration orally or intravenously.
- Non -vigor: ensuring a balanced diet, vitamin and mineral additives.
- Respiratory diseases: symptomatic treatment, antibiotic therapy if necessary.
- Allergic reactions: antihistamines, corticosteroids.
- Burns: wound treatment, analgesic drugs, antibiotic therapy if necessary.
- Prevention:
- Saving water.
- Development and implementation of plans for providing the population with water and food during drought.
- The use of drought -resistant agricultural crops.
- Carrying out measures to prevent forest fires.
- Information of the population about the risks associated with the drought and measures of prevention.
- Statistics and forecasts:
- Increase frequency and duration drought around the world.
- An increase in the number of people suffering from lack of water and food.
- The need to develop and implement strategies for adapting to drought.
- Exact mechanisms:
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Storms and hurricanes:
- Exact mechanisms:
- Trauma: bruises, fractures, wounds obtained as a result of the influence of strong winds, falling objects, collapse of buildings.
- Drowning: during storm halves.
- Smoping: with a long stay on the street in cold and wet weather.
- Infectious diseases: the spread of pathogens through contaminated water.
- Psychological consequences: PTSD, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance.
- Damage to the infrastructure: the destruction of houses, roads, electric networks, water supply and sewage systems, which complicates access to medical care, clean water, food.
- At-risk groups:
- People living in coastal areas and areas subject to storms and hurricanes.
- Children: more susceptible to injuries and hypothermia.
- Older people: reduced mobility, the presence of concomitant diseases.
- People with disabilities: difficulties in evacuation.
- People with low socio-economic status: limited access to safe housing, medical care.
- Clinical manifestations:
- Symptoms of injuries: pain, edema, bleeding, deformation of the limbs.
- Symptoms of drowning: cough, shortness of breath, loss of consciousness, breathing stop.
- Symptoms of hypothermia: trembling, weakness, drowsiness, confusion.
- Symptoms of infectious diseases: fever, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, skin rash.
- Symptoms of PTSD: repeated experiences of a traumatic event, avoiding places and situations reminiscent of injury, increased anxiety, irritability, sleep disturbance.
- Diagnosis:
- Anamnesis (information on the effects of a storm or hurricane, injuries, contact with contaminated water).
- Physical examination (assessment of the state of respiratory and cardiovascular systems, detection of injuries, signs of hypothermia, infection).
- Laboratory studies (blood, urine, feces to identify infectious agents, evaluate organs).
- Treatment:
- Injuries: wound processing, tire imposition, surgical intervention if necessary.
- Drowning: resuscitation measures (artificial respiration, indirect heart massage), hospitalization.
- Healing: warming, hospitalization if necessary.
- Infectious diseases: antibiotic therapy, rehydration, symptomatic treatment.
- PTSD: psychotherapy, drug treatment.
- Prevention:
- Development and implementation of evacuation plans.
- Strengthening buildings and structures.
- Creation of early warning systems about storms and hurricanes.
- Providing the population with clean water and hygiene products.
- Vaccination against infectious diseases.
- Psychological support of the victims.
- Statistics and forecasts:
- An increase in the intensity of storms and hurricanes in some regions of the world.
- The increase in the number of victims and dead as a result of storms and hurricanes.
- The need for investment in infrastructure to protect against storms and hurricanes.
- Exact mechanisms:
II. Indirect consequences of climatic changes:
-
Air pollution:
- Exact mechanisms:
- An increase in the concentration of ozone in the surface layer of the atmosphere: the formation of ozone under the influence of sunlight and high temperatures, which leads to irritation of the respiratory tract, worsen asthma, and increase the risk of respiratory diseases.
- An increase in the concentration of solid particles: an increase in the frequency of forest fires, dust storms, industrial emissions, which leads to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer.
- An increase in the concentration of allergens: an increase in the duration and intensity of plant flowering, which leads to an increase in the incidence of allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma).
- At-risk groups:
- Children: They are more susceptible to air pollutants.
- Elderly people: the presence of concomitant diseases, a weakened immune system.
- People with respiratory diseases: asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD).
- People with cardiovascular diseases: coronary heart disease, hypertension.
- Open -air people engaged in physical work: builders, farmers, athletes.
- Clinical manifestations:
- Cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, nasal congestion, headache, fatigue, exacerbation of asthma, development of respiratory infections, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
- Diagnosis:
- Anamnesis (information on the effects of contaminated air, the presence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases).
- Physical examination (assessment of the state of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems).
- Laboratory studies (blood test, sputum, spirometry, ECG).
- Treatment:
- Symptomatic treatment: broncholitics, anti -inflammatory drugs, antihistamines.
- Antibiotic therapy: with the development of respiratory infections.
- Rehabilitation: pulmonary rehabilitation for people with COPD.
- Prevention:
- Reducing emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.
- The use of public transport, bicycles, walking.
- Limiting physical activity in the open air during days with a high level of air pollution.
- Using air purifiers in the premises.
- Vaccination against respiratory infections.
- Statistics and forecasts:
- Increasing the level of air pollution in many cities of the world.
- The increase in the incidence and mortality associated with air pollution.
- The need to develop and implement air quality improvement programs.
- Exact mechanisms:
-
Distribution of infectious diseases:
- Exact mechanisms:
- Change in the area of infections of infections: increasing temperature and changing the precipitation mode, which leads to the expansion of mosquitoes, ticks and other infections of infections, and, therefore, to the spread of diseases such as malaria, denge fever, western nila, lime disease, tick -borne encephalitis.
- An increase in the number of infections carriers: favorable conditions for the propagation of mosquitoes and ticks, which leads to an increase in their number and, therefore, to an increase in the risk of infection.
- Change in human behavior: climate change, which leads to a change in human behavior (for example, an increase in the time spent in the open air), which increases the risk of contact with the carriers of infections.
- Water pollution: floods, droughts, other extreme weather phenomena, which lead to water pollution and the spread of infectious diseases transmitted through water (cholera, typhoid, hepatitis a, leptospirosis, dysentery).
- At-risk groups:
- People living in areas where infectious diseases spread.
- Children: more susceptible to infectious diseases.
- Elderly people: A weakened immune system.
- People with chronic diseases: a weakened immune system.
- Travelers: the risk of infection in endemic areas.
- Clinical manifestations:
- Fever, headache, muscle pain, skin rash, weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain.
- Diagnosis:
- Anamnesis (information about staying in endemic areas, contact with carriers of infections, the presence of symptoms).
- Physical examination (condition assessment, identification of signs of infection).
- Laboratory studies (blood, urine, feces to detect pathogens of infection).
- Treatment:
- Antibiotic therapy: with bacterial infections.
- Antiviral therapy: for viral infections.
- Antimlarial therapy: for malaria.
- Symptomatic treatment: antipyretic drugs, analgesic drugs, rehydration.
- Prevention:
- Vaccination: against infectious diseases.
- Using repellates: to protect against bites of mosquitoes and ticks.
- Wearing protective clothes: long sleeves, trousers.
- Processing of the premises with insecticides: for the destruction of mosquitoes and other insects.
- Providing the population with clean water and hygiene products.
- Statistics and forecasts:
- Expansion of the areas of many infectious diseases.
- An increase in the incidence and mortality associated with infectious diseases.
- The need to develop and implement programs to control infectious diseases.
- Exact mechanisms:
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Lack of food:
- Exact mechanisms:
- Climate change, which leads to a decrease in agricultural crop yields: droughts, floods, extreme temperatures, pests and plant diseases.
- Soil exhaustion: intensive agriculture, which leads to depletion of soils and a decrease in their fertility.
- Water and soil pollution: industrial waste, pesticides, fertilizers.
- Military conflicts: destruction of agricultural infrastructure, movement of the population.
- At-risk groups:
- People living in developing countries.
- Children: Especially vulnerable to malnutrition.
- Pregnant women: an increased need for nutrients.
- People with low socio-economic status: limited access to food.
- Clinical manifestations:
- Non -vigor: weight loss, weakness, fatigue, violation of growth and development in children, decreased immunity, anemia, deficiency of vitamins and minerals.
- Hunger: the extreme form of malnutrition, leading to the depletion of the body, the refusal of organs, death.
- Diagnosis:
- Anamnesis (information about food, access to food, the presence of symptoms of malnutrition).
- Physical examination (assessment of weight, height, skin condition, hair, nails, mucous membranes).
- Laboratory studies (blood test for assessing the level of nutrients, hemoglobin, albumin).
- Treatment:
- Providing a balanced diet: products rich in proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.
- Vitamin and mineral additives: to replenish the deficiency of nutrients.
- Specialized nutrition: for children with a severe form of malnutrition.
- Drug treatment: with complications of malnutrition (infections, anemia).
- Prevention:
- The development of sustainable agriculture: the use of drought -resistant crops, organic fertilizers, and soil conservation methods.
- Improving access to food: social programs, food assistance.
- The fight against poverty: creating jobs, increasing income of the population.
- Education: about proper nutrition, hygiene.
- Statistics and forecasts:
- An increase in the number of people suffering from hunger and malnutrition.
- Growth in food prices.
- The need to develop and implement food security programs.
- Exact mechanisms:
-
Mental health:
- Exact mechanisms:
- The direct impact of extreme weather phenomena: injuries, loss of property, movement, death of loved ones, which leads to PTSR, anxiety, depression.
- The indirect impact of climatic changes: lack of food, water, movement of the population, social instability, which leads to anxiety, depression, a sense of hopelessness.
- Environmental anxiety: anxiety about the future planet, which leads to anxiety, depression, guilt.
- At-risk groups:
- People who have suffered from extreme weather phenomena.
- People living in areas subject to climatic changes.
- Children and adolescents: especially vulnerable to environmental anxiety.
- People with mental disorders: exacerbation of existing disorders.
- People with low socio-economic status: limited access to psychological assistance.
- Clinical manifestations:
- PTSD: repeated experiences of a traumatic event, avoiding places and situations reminiscent of injury, increased anxiety, irritability, sleep disturbance.
- Anxiety: excessive anxiety, tension, irritability, insomnia.
- Depression: suppressed mood, loss of interest in life, fatigue, sleep disturbance, appetite, suicidal thoughts.
- Environmental anxiety: anxiety about the future planet, guilt, hopelessness.
- Diagnosis:
- Anamnesis (information on the effects of climatic changes, the presence of symptoms of mental disorders).
- Psychological testing: to assess the level of anxiety, depression, PTSR.
- Clinical interview: with a psychiatrist or psychologist.
- Treatment:
- Psychotherapy: cognitive-behavioral therapy, injury-focused therapy, group therapy.
- Drug treatment: antidepressants, anxiolytics.
- Support: social support, self -help groups.
- Prevention:
- The provision of psychological assistance to victims of extreme weather phenomena.
- Information of the population about the influence of climatic changes on mental health.
- The development of mental health services.
- Supporting measures to combat climate change.
- Statistics and forecasts:
- An increase in the number of people suffering from mental disorders associated with climatic changes.
- The need to expand access to psychological assistance.
- Development of adaptation strategies for the psychological consequences of climatic changes.
- Exact mechanisms:
III. The uneven effects of climatic changes:
- Geographical inequality:
- The most vulnerable regions: countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, small island states.
- Causes of vulnerability: geographical position, poverty, dependence on agriculture, weak infrastructure, lack of resources for adaptation.
- Consequences: lack of food, water, the spread of infectious diseases, the movement of the population, conflicts.
- Socio-economic inequality:
- The most vulnerable groups of the population: people with low socio-economic status, indigenous peoples, women, children, elderly people, people with disabilities.
- Causes of vulnerability: limited access to resources, medical care, information, opportunities for adaptation.
- Consequences: increased risk of incidence and mortality, worsening living conditions, social isolation.
- Inequality in access to resources:
- Access to water: droughts, water pollution, ineffective water resource management.
- Access to food: reducing the yield of agricultural crops, increasing food prices, poverty.
- Access to medical care: destruction of infrastructure, lack of medical workers, lack of insurance coating.
- Access to information: insufficient informing about risks associated with climatic changes, and prevention measures.
- The need for fair distribution of resources and responsibility:
- Fair distribution of resources for adaptation to climatic changes.
- Transfer of technology and knowledge to developing countries.
- Financial support for developing countries to combat climate change.
- Joint responsibility for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
IV. Adaptation to climatic changes:
- Risk reduction measures:
- Early warning: early warning systems about extreme weather phenomena.
- Strengthening the infrastructure: the construction of dams, strengthening the coast of rivers and reservoirs, modernization of electric networks, water supply and sewage systems.
- Development of evacuation plans: for the population living in areas subject to extreme weather phenomena.
- Providing the population with clean water and hygiene products: especially during drought and floods.
- Vaccination: against infectious diseases.
- Psychological support: victims of extreme weather phenomena.
- Health improvement measures:
- Improving access to medical care: especially in areas subject to climatic changes.
- Training of medical workers: on the influence of climatic changes on human health.
- Development and implementation of diseases prevention programs: related to climatic changes (respiratory diseases, infectious diseases, malnutrition).
- Improvement: providing the population with balanced nutrition, vitamin and mineral additives.
- Strengthening immunity: vaccination, healthy lifestyle.
- Changing behavior measures:
- Information of the population: about risks associated with climatic changes, and prevention measures.
- Increased awareness: about an environmentally stable lifestyle.
- Change in food habits: reducing meat consumption, increasing the consumption of plant foods.
- The use of public transport, bicycles, walking.
- Saving energy and water.
- The need to integrate adaptation into various sectors:
- Healthcare: inclusion of adaptation to climatic changes in national plans and health strategies.
- Agriculture: development and implementation of stable agricultural management methods.
- Water farm: Effective management of water resources.
- Energy: development of renewable energy sources.
- Construction: construction of stability resistant to climatic changes in buildings and structures.
V. Sitting the consequences of climate change:
- Reducing greenhouse gas emissions:
- Transition to renewable energy sources: