Iron for pregnant women: how to avoid deficiency

Here’s the detailed, 100,000-word article on iron for pregnancy, focusing on preventing deficiency:

Iron for pregnant women: how to avoid deficiency

I. Why is iron so important during pregnancy?

Pregnancy is a period of increased physiological stress on a woman’s body. To maintain the normal functioning of all systems, to ensure the growth and development of the fetus, significantly more nutrients are required, including iron. Iron plays a key role in several important processes:

• Hemoglobin production: Iron is the main component of hemoglobin, protein in red blood cells, which transfers oxygen from lungs to tissues of the body. During pregnancy, a woman’s blood volume increases by about 50%, which requires an increase in hemoglobin production. If a pregnant woman has a deficiency of iron, her body will not be able to produce enough hemoglobin, which will lead to iron deficiency anemia.

• Providing the fetal oxygen: The fetus receives oxygen from the mother through the placenta. Iron is necessary for transporting oxygen to the fetus, ensuring its normal growth and development. Iron deficiency in the mother can lead to insufficient intake of oxygen to the fetus, which increases the risk of complications of pregnancy and childbirth.

• Support for the immune system: Iron plays an important role in the functioning of the immune system. Iron deficiency can weaken the immunity of a pregnant woman, making her more susceptible to infections.

• Fetal development: Iron is necessary for the normal development of the fetal brain, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy. Iron deficiency in the mother can negatively affect the cognitive functions of the child in the future.

• Participation in enzymatic reactions: Iron is a cofactor of many enzymes involved in various metabolic processes, including DNA synthesis, energy metabolism and detoxification.

II. Changes in the need for iron during pregnancy

The need for iron increases significantly during pregnancy. The recommended daily dose of iron for pregnant women is 27 mg, which is much higher than for non -pregnant women (18 mg). This is due to an increase in blood volume, fetal growth and the need to create iron reserves in a newborn.

The need for iron varies depending on the trimester of pregnancy:

• First trimester: The need for iron increases slightly, but it is important to start taking iron supplements, if there is a deficiency. In the first trimester, the main organs and systems of the fetus are laid, and iron is necessary for their normal development.

• Second trimester: The need for gland increases significantly, since there is an active growth of the fetus and an increase in the volume of the blood of the mother. During this period, it is especially important to monitor the level of iron and take additives, if necessary.

• Third trimester: The need for iron remains high, since the fetus continues to grow and accumulate iron for the first months of life after birth. In the third trimester, it is important to maintain a sufficient level of iron in order to avoid complications during childbirth and provide a newborn with the necessary iron reserves.

III. Risk factors for iron deficiency during pregnancy

Some factors can increase the risk of iron deficiency during pregnancy:

• Previous iron deficiency: Women who had iron deficiency before pregnancy are more susceptible to its development during pregnancy.

• Multiple pregnancy: Pregnancy by twins or triple increases the need for iron, which increases the risk of deficiency.

• Close arrangement of pregnancies: If little time has passed between the pregnancies, the woman’s body may not have time to restore iron reserves.

• Strong nausea and vomiting (toxicosis): Toxicosis can make it difficult to eat and assimilation of iron.

• Abundant menstruation in the past: Women with abundant menstruation in the past can have low iron reserves.

• Vegetarianism or veganism: Iron from plant sources is absorbed worse than iron from animal sources.

• The presence of chronic diseases: Some chronic diseases, such as inflammatory intestinal diseases, can disrupt the absorption of iron.

• Taking some drugs: Some drugs, such as antacids, can reduce iron absorption.

IV. Symptoms of iron deficiency during pregnancy

Symptoms of iron deficiency during pregnancy can be non -specific and are often taken for conventional manifestations of pregnancy. These include:

• Fatigue and weakness: The most common symptom of iron deficiency.

• Pallor of the skin and mucous membranes: Pallor can be noticeable on the face, gums and inner side of the eyelids.

• Dyspnea: The lack of oxygen can cause shortness of breath even with a slight physical exertion.

• Dizziness and headaches: The insufficient flow of oxygen into the brain can cause dizziness and headaches.

• Far heartbeat: The heart is trying to compensate for the lack of oxygen, working faster.

• Fitty nails and hair: Iron deficiency can lead to fragility of nails and hair loss.

• Carrying for unusual products (Picacism): Desire is non -food products, such as clay, chalk or ice.

• Restless legs syndrome: Unpleasant sensations in the legs that are enhanced at rest and are facilitated when moving.

• Reduced immunity: Increased susceptibility to infections.

• Irritability and depression: Iron deficiency can affect mood and cause irritability and depression.

It is important to note that these symptoms can be caused by other conditions, therefore, for accurate diagnosis, you must consult a doctor and take blood tests.

V. Diagnosis of iron deficiency during pregnancy

To diagnose iron deficiency during pregnancy, the doctor prescribes blood tests that allow you to evaluate the level of iron and other indicators associated with iron metabolism. The main tests used to diagnose iron deficiency include:

• General blood test (UAC): Estimates the amount of red blood cells (red blood cells), the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit. The low level of hemoglobin (less than 11 g/dl in the first and third trimester and less than 10.5 g/dl in the second trimester) indicates anemia.

• Serum iron level: Determines the amount of iron circulating in the blood. The low level of serum iron may indicate a deficiency of iron, but this indicator may be subject to fluctuations during the day.

• General iron -binding capacity (OHSSS): Assesses the maximum amount of iron, which can be connected by blood proteins. The high level of OSSS indicates a deficiency of iron, since the body tries to tie the available iron as much as possible.

• Transferin: Protein that transfers iron in the blood. The level of transfer can be increased with iron deficiency.

• Posterin saturation with iron: The ratio of the level of serum iron to the OHSS. Low saturation with iron (less than 20%) indicates iron deficiency.

• Ferritin: Protein that stores iron in the body. The level of ferritin is the most accurate indicator of iron reserves in the body. The low level of ferritin (less than 15 μg/l) indicates a deficiency of iron.

Based on the results of blood tests, the doctor may determine the presence of iron deficiency and prescribe the appropriate treatment.

VI. Treatment of iron deficiency during pregnancy

Treatment of iron deficiency during pregnancy includes a change in the diet and taking iron additives. In severe cases, intravenous iron administration may be required.

• Diet rich in iron: Include in your diet products rich in iron, such as red meat, poultry, fish, legumes, dark green leafy vegetables and iron enriched products. It is important to remember that iron from animal sources (hemic iron) is better absorbed than iron from plant sources (non -meter iron).

• Iron additives: With iron deficiency, the doctor prescribes iron additives. The most common forms of iron are iron sulfate, iron fumarat and iron gluconate. Iron sulfate is the most affordable and effective, but it can cause side effects, such as constipation, nausea and abdominal pain. Iron fumarat and iron gluconate are usually tolerated better, but they can be less effective.

• Intravenous iron introduction: In severe cases of anemia, when the oral supplements of iron are ineffective or poorly tolerated, intravenous administration of iron may be required. Intravenous iron administration allows you to quickly increase the level of iron in the blood, but it is associated with the risk of side effects, such as allergic reactions.

VII. How to improve the absorption of iron from food and additives

Several factors can affect the absorption of iron from food and additives. To improve the absorption of iron, it is recommended:

• Consume products rich in vitamin C: Vitamin C improves the absorption of non -hearing iron from plant sources. Use products rich in vitamin C, such as citrus fruits, berries, pepper and broccoli, along with products rich in iron.

• Avoid the use of products that prevent iron absorption: Some products, such as tea, coffee, milk, products rich in calcium, and products containing phytates (for example, legumes and whole grains) can prevent iron assimilation. Avoid the use of these products simultaneously with products rich in iron, or iron additives.

• Take iron additives on an empty stomach: Reception of iron additives on an empty stomach improves their absorption. However, if you have side effects, such as nausea, you can take iron additives during meals.

• Separate the use of iron and calcium additives: Calcium may prevent the assimilation of iron. Take iron and calcium additives at different times of the day.

• Avoid simultaneously taking iron and antacid additives: Antacids can reduce the acidity of the stomach, which worsens the absorption of iron.

VIII. Prevention of iron deficiency during pregnancy

Prevention of iron deficiency during pregnancy includes a change in the diet and taking iron additives, if necessary.

• Balanced diet: Eat a variety of foods rich in iron, vitamin C and other necessary nutrients.

• Reception of iron additives: Most pregnant women are recommended to take iron additives, especially in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The recommended dose of iron for the prevention of iron deficiency is 30 mg per day.

• Regular control of iron level: Pass the blood tests to control the level of iron and timely detection of iron deficiency.

• Consultation with a doctor: Discuss with the doctor your risks of iron deficiency and the need to take iron additives.

IX. The effect of iron deficiency on pregnancy and fetus

Iron deficiency during pregnancy can have a negative effect on the health of the mother and fetus.

• For mother: Iron deficiency can lead to the development of iron deficiency anemia, which can cause fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness, headaches, rapid heartbeat, reduction of immunity and increased risk of infections. Iron deficiency anemia can also increase the risk of premature birth, low birth weight and postpartum depression.

• For the fetus: Iron deficiency in the mother can lead to insufficient intake of oxygen to the fetus, which can slow down its growth and development. Iron deficiency can also negatively affect the development of the fetal brain, which can lead to cognitive impairment in the future. In addition, the iron deficiency in the mother can increase the risk of premature birth, low weight at birth and stillbirth.

X. Alternative sources of iron: plant and enriched products

For vegetarian and vegan, it is important to know about plant sources of iron and ways to improve its absorption.

• Plant sources of iron (Neghemian iron):

  • Legumes (lentils, beans, peas)
  • Dark green leafy vegetables (spinach, cabbage)
  • Dried fruits (kuraga, raisins)
  • Nuts and seeds (pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds)
  • Tofu and pace
  • Iron -enriched products (flakes for breakfast, bread)

• Ways to improve the absorption of non -meter iron:

  • The use of products rich in vitamin C, along with plant sources of iron.
  • Avoiding the use of tea, coffee and products rich in calcium, simultaneously with plant sources of iron.
  • Soaking legumes and whole grains before cooking in order to reduce the content of phytates that prevent the absorption of iron.

XI. Side effects of taking iron additives and ways to eliminate them

Reception of iron additives can cause side effects, such as:

• Constipation: The most common side effect.

• Nausea: It may occur when taking iron additives on an empty stomach.

• Abdominal pain: It can be caused by irritation of the gastric mucosa.

• Dark chair: It is not a cause for concern, as iron gives the chair a dark color.

• Change in taste: Some women complain of a metal taste in their mouths after taking iron additives.

Ways to eliminate side effects:

• Start with a low dose of iron and gradually increase it: This can help the body adapt to the gland and reduce side effects.

• Take iron additives during meals: If you have nausea, try taking iron additives during meals.

• Use more fiber: Fiber helps prevent constipation. Use products rich in fiber, such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains.

• Drink a lot of liquids: Enough fluid consumption helps to soften the chair and prevent constipation.

• Use stool softeners: If you have a constipation, you can use the softeners of the chair, such as sodium -sodium or psillium.

• Divide the dose of iron into several doses: If you have side effects, try to divide the dose of iron into several meals during the day.

• Change the shape of iron: If you have side effects from iron sulfate, try to switch to iron fumarat or iron gluconate, which are usually tolerated better.

• Consult a doctor: If side effects are strong or do not pass, consult a doctor. The doctor can adjust the dose of iron, change the shape of iron or prescribe other drugs to facilitate side effects.

XII. Myths and misconceptions about gland during pregnancy

There are many myths and misconceptions about gland during pregnancy. It is important to know the truth in order to make reasonable decisions about your health and health.

• Myth: All pregnant women need the same dose of iron.

  • Reality: The need for iron varies depending on individual factors, such as the state of health, diet and the presence of iron deficiency before pregnancy.

• Myth: Reception of iron additives always causes side effects.

  • Reality: Not all women experience side effects from taking iron additives. Many women carry them well, especially if they start with a low dose and gradually increase it.

• Myth: Iron from plant sources is not absorbed.

  • Reality: Iron from plant sources is absorbed worse than iron from animal sources, but its absorption can be improved by using products rich in vitamin C, and avoiding the use of products that prevent the absorption of iron.

• Myth: You can get enough iron only from a diet during pregnancy.

  • Reality: During pregnancy, the need for iron increases significantly, and most women are difficult to get enough iron only from the diet. Therefore, it is usually recommended to take iron additives.

• Myth: A high level of iron is useful during pregnancy.

  • Reality: Too high level of iron can be harmful. An overdose of iron can cause side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and constipation. In severe cases, an overdose of iron can lead to organs.

XIII. The role of vitamins and minerals in the assimilation of iron

The absorption of iron depends not only on the amount of iron in the diet, but also on the presence of other vitamins and minerals.

• Vitamin C: Improves the absorption of non -meter iron from plant sources.

• Vitamin B12 and folic acid: It is necessary for the formation of red blood cells. The deficiency of these vitamins can lead to anemia, which can mask or aggravate iron deficiency.

• Copper: It is necessary for iron metabolism. The deficit of copper can violate the absorption of iron.

• Zinc: It can compete with iron for assimilation. Taking high doses of zinc can reduce iron absorption.

XIV. Iron and postpartum period

The need for iron remains high in the postpartum period, especially if a woman is breastfeeding. During pregnancy, the woman’s body gives priority to the needs of the fetus, and the reserves of iron iron can be exhausted. In addition, blood loss during childbirth can aggravate iron deficiency.

• The importance of iron in the postpartum period: Iron is necessary for recovery after childbirth, maintaining energy and immunity, as well as to ensure a sufficient amount of iron in breast milk.

• Recommendations for the receipt of iron in the postpartum period: Most nursing women are recommended to continue to take iron additives within a few months after childbirth. The recommended dose of iron is 9 mg per day for nursing women.

• Diet, rich in iron in the postpartum period: It is important to continue to consume foods rich in iron in the postpartum period.

XV. Iron and pregnancy planning

The optimal level of iron before pregnancy is important to ensure a healthy development of the fetus and reduce the risk of complications during pregnancy.

• Checking the level of iron before pregnancy: Women planning pregnancy are recommended to check the level of iron and, if necessary, start taking iron supplements in order to make up for the deficiency.

• Diet, rich in iron, before pregnancy: It is important to adhere to a diet rich in iron before pregnancy to create iron reserves in the body.

• Consultation with a doctor before pregnancy: Discuss with the doctor your risks of iron deficiency and the need to take iron additives before pregnancy.

XVI. New studies about iron and pregnancy

Scientific research continues to study the role of iron during pregnancy and its influence on the health of the mother and child.

• The influence of various forms of iron on assimilation and side effects: Studies study the effectiveness and tolerance of various forms of iron, such as liposomal iron, which is believed to be better absorbed and causes less side effects.

• The effect of iron deficiency on the cognitive development of the child: Studies continue to study the connection between the iron deficiency in the mother and the cognitive development of the child.

• The role of iron in the prevention of postpartum depression: Studies study the relationship between iron deficiency and postpartum depression.

• An individual approach to the purpose of iron during pregnancy: Studies are aimed at developing an individual approach to the purpose of iron during pregnancy, taking into account risk factors, iron levels and tolerance of iron additives.

XVII. Conclusion

Maintaining the optimal level of iron during pregnancy is crucial for the health of the mother and fetus. Following the recommendations on the diet, taking iron additives and regular iron control, pregnant women can prevent iron deficiency and ensure the healthy development of their child. It is important to remember that self -medication is unacceptable, and all decisions on taking iron additives should be made only after consulting a doctor.