Vitamin E as an antioxidant to protect the brain

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Vitamin E as an antioxidant to protect the brain

Content:

  1. Oxidative stress and brain: the threat of cognitive function

    • Free radicals: nature and origin
    • The role of oxidative stress in the development of neurodegenerative diseases
      • Alzheimer’s disease
      • Parkinson’s disease
      • Lateral amyotrophic sclerosis (bass)
      • Vascular dementia
    • Oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA in the brain
    • Inflammation and oxidative stress: interconnection and consequences

  2. Vitamin E: family of antioxidants

    • Tocopherols and tocotrienols: structure and differences
      • Alpha, beta-, gamma and delta-tocopherols
      • Alfa-, beta-, gamma and delta-Tokotrienols
    • Biological activity and bioavailability of various forms of vitamin E
    • Alpha-Tocopherol: The main form in the human body
    • Antioxidant action mechanisms of vitamin E
      • Interruption of chain reactions of lipid peroxidation
      • Interaction with free radicals (ROS and RNS)
      • Protection of cell membranes
    • Other biological functions of vitamin E (not associated with antioxidant activity)
      • Immunomodulating action
      • Regulation of genes expression
      • Impact on platelet function

  3. Vitamin E and cognitive function: clinical and experimental research

    • Vitamin E and Alzheimer’s disease prevention
      • The results of epidemiological studies
      • Clinical tests of vitamin E additives in Alzheimer’s disease
        • Assessment of cognitive functions
        • Impact on the progression of the disease
    • Vitamin E and other forms of dementia
      • Vascular dementia: the role of vitamin E in reducing risk and slowing down progression
      • Dementia with Taurus Levy
      • Front-seek dementia
    • Vitamin E and age -related decrease in cognitive functions
      • Impact on memory, attention and executive functions
      • Studies on animal aging models
    • Vitamin E and neuroprotheiation for stroke
      • Antioxidant protection and decrease in brain damage after ischemia
      • Influence on recovery after stroke
    • Neuroprotective mechanisms of vitamin E
      • Improving blood supply to the brain
      • Decrease in inflammation
      • Protection of neurons from apoptosis

  4. Sources of vitamin E in nutrition: how to provide sufficient consumption

    • Products rich in vitamin E
      • Vegetable oils (sunflower, soy, corn, olive)
      • Nuts and seeds (almonds, hazelnuts, sunflower seeds)
      • Green sheet vegetables (spinach, broccoli)
      • Wheat germs
      • Avocado
    • Recommended daily vitamin E consumption rate
    • Factors affecting the absorption of vitamin E
      • Fat content in the diet
      • Pancreatic function
      • Intestinal diseases
    • Drill additives with vitamin E
      • Various forms of vitamin E in addition (alpha-tocopherol, mixed tocopherols, tocotrienols)
      • Dosage and reception mode
      • The choice of quality additives

  5. Vitamin E safety: possible side effects and interaction

    • Toxicity of vitamin E: risks with excessive consumption
    • The upper permissible level of vitamin E consumption
    • Interaction of vitamin E with drugs
      • Anticoagulants (warfarin, clopidogrel)
      • Antiagraganhip (aspirin)
      • In report
      • Chemotherapeutic drugs
    • Side effects when taking high doses of vitamin E
      • Increased risk of bleeding
      • Digestive disorders
      • Muscle weakness
    • Contraindications to the use of vitamin E
    • Special groups of the population, requiring caution when taking vitamin E
      • Pregnant and lactating women
      • People with blood coagulation disorders
      • People taking anticoagulants or antiplatelets

  6. Prospects for vitamin E research and brain protection

    • Studying the role of tookotrienols in neuroprothecies
    • Development of new drugs based on vitamin E
    • An individual approach to the purpose of vitamin E, taking into account the genetic characteristics
    • The combined use of vitamin E with other antioxidants and neuroprotectors
    • Studies of the effect of vitamin E on the intestinal microbia and its connection with the function of the brain
    • Development of methods for increasing bioavailability of vitamin E

Detailed disclosure of maintenance points:

1. Oxidative stress and brain: the threat of cognitive function

The brain, being one of the most metabolically active organs in the human body, consumes about 20% of all oxygen used by the body. This high metabolic activity leads to the formation of a significant amount of free radicals, also known as active forms of oxygen (AFC) and active forms of nitrogen (AFA). Under normal conditions, the brain has a balance between the formation of free radicals and antioxidant protection. However, when the formation of free radicals exceeds the ability of the antioxidant system to neutralize them, a state arises known as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a serious threat to cognitive functions and plays a key role in the development of many neurodegenerative diseases.

  • Free radicals: nature and origin

Free radicals are molecules containing one or more non -spanned electrons on an external orbital. This intimacy makes them extremely reactive, striving to capture the electron from other molecules in order to stabilize. This process triggers a chain reaction, damaging various cellular components. The main sources of free radicals in the brain include:

*   **Митохондрии:** В процессе окислительного фосфорилирования в митохондриях образуются супероксид-анионы (O2•−), которые могут превращаться в другие АФК, такие как перекись водорода (H2O2) и гидроксильный радикал (•OH).
*   **Нейротрансмиссия:** Метаболизм нейротрансмиттеров, таких как дофамин и глутамат, также может приводить к образованию свободных радикалов.
*   **Воспалительные процессы:** Активация иммунных клеток в мозге, таких как микроглия, приводит к образованию АФК и АФА в рамках защиты от патогенов.
*   **Внешние факторы:** Воздействие токсинов, загрязнителей окружающей среды, ионизирующего излучения и некоторых лекарственных препаратов также может способствовать образованию свободных радикалов в мозге.
  • The role of oxidative stress in the development of neurodegenerative diseases

Oxidizing stress is an important pathogenetic factor in the development of a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic sclerosis (bass) and vascular dementia.

*   **Болезнь Альцгеймера:** При болезни Альцгеймера накопление амилоидных бляшек и нейрофибриллярных клубков приводит к активации микроглии и астроцитов, что вызывает хроническое воспаление и окислительный стресс. АФК и АФА повреждают нейроны, синапсы и другие клеточные компоненты, приводя к прогрессирующей потере когнитивных функций. Окислительный стресс также способствует образованию и агрегации амилоида-β и гиперфосфорилированию тау-белка, усугубляя патологический процесс.

*   **Болезнь Паркинсона:** При болезни Паркинсона происходит дегенерация дофаминергических нейронов в черной субстанции головного мозга. Окислительный стресс играет ключевую роль в этом процессе. Мутации в генах, кодирующих белки, участвующие в метаболизме дофамина, утилизации митохондрий (митофагии) и антиоксидантной защите, способствуют накоплению свободных радикалов и повреждению нейронов. Альфа-синуклеин, белок, который агрегирует в тельца Леви (характерные патологические признаки болезни Паркинсона), также может способствовать окислительному стрессу.

*   **Боковой амиотрофический склероз (БАС):** БАС характеризуется прогрессирующей дегенерацией двигательных нейронов в головном и спинном мозге. Окислительный стресс является одним из основных механизмов, участвующих в гибели нейронов при БАС. Мутации в гене *SOD1*, кодирующем супероксиддисмутазу 1 (важный антиоксидантный фермент), являются причиной значительной части случаев наследственного БАС. Эти мутации приводят к снижению активности SOD1 и накоплению супероксид-аниона, что вызывает окислительный стресс и повреждение нейронов.

*   **Сосудистая деменция:** Сосудистая деменция возникает в результате повреждения мозга, вызванного нарушениями кровоснабжения, такими как инсульты или хроническая ишемия. Окислительный стресс играет важную роль в патогенезе сосудистой деменции, усугубляя повреждение мозга, вызванное ишемией и реперфузией. АФК и АФА повреждают эндотелиальные клетки, компоненты гематоэнцефалического барьера и нейроны, способствуя когнитивному снижению.
  • Oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA in the brain

Oxidative stress can damage various cell components in the brain, including lipids, proteins and DNA.

*   **Окисление липидов:** Перекисное окисление липидов (ПОЛ) – это цепная реакция, при которой свободные радикалы атакуют ненасыщенные жирные кислоты в клеточных мембранах. ПОЛ приводит к образованию токсичных продуктов, таких как малоновый диальдегид (МДА) и 4-гидроксиноненаль (4-HNE), которые могут повреждать белки и ДНК. Мозг особенно уязвим к ПОЛ из-за высокого содержания полиненасыщенных жирных кислот в его составе.

*   **Окисление белков:** Свободные радикалы могут окислять аминокислотные остатки в белках, изменяя их структуру и функцию. Окисленные белки могут агрегировать и накапливаться в клетках, нарушая их нормальную работу. Карбонилирование белков (введение карбонильных групп в белки) является распространенным маркером окислительного повреждения белков.

*   **Окисление ДНК:** Свободные радикалы могут повреждать ДНК, вызывая мутации, разрывы цепей и образование модифицированных оснований, таких как 8-оксогуанин (8-oxoG). Повреждение ДНК может нарушать репликацию, транскрипцию и репарацию ДНК, приводя к клеточной дисфункции и гибели.
  • Inflammation and oxidative stress: interconnection and consequences

Inflammation and oxidative stress are closely interconnected and often occur simultaneously in the brain. Inflammatory processes lead to the activation of immune cells, which produce AFC and Afa, enhancing oxidative stress. In turn, oxidative stress can activate inflammatory tracts, such as NF-κB, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokins. This vicious circle of inflammation and oxidative stress contributes to the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

2. Vitamin E: family of antioxidants

Vitamin E is not one substance, but a group of eight fat -soluble antioxidants, which are divided into two main groups: tocopherols and tocotrienols. Each group includes four forms: alpha, beta-, gamma and delta.

  • Tocopherols and tocotrienols: structure and differences

    • Structure: Tocopherols and tocotrienols have a similar structure consisting of a chromanol ring and isoprenoid side chain. The main difference lies in the structure of the side chain: in tocopherols it is saturated, and in Tokotrienols – unsaturated, with three double bonds.

    • Differences: The presence of unsaturated connections in the side chain of tocotrienols makes them more flexible and allows them to penetrate the cell membranes easier. It is believed that tocotrienols have more pronounced antioxidant and neuroprotective activity than tocopherols, although research in this area is still ongoing.

    • Alfa-, beta-, gamma and delta-tocopherols: Differ in the location and number of methyl groups on the chromanol ring.

    • Alfa-, beta-, gamma- and delta-Tokotrienols: Also differ in the location and number of methyl groups on the chromanol ring.

  • Biological activity and bioavailability of various forms of vitamin E

    • Biological activity: Alpha-tocopherol is considered the most biologically active form of vitamin E in the human body, since it is preferably retained and transported by the alpha-tocopherol (α-TTP) protein in the liver. However, other forms of vitamin E, especially tocotrienols, can have unique biological properties and have an additional beneficial effect on health.

    • Bioavailability: The bioavailability of various forms of vitamin E varies. Tocopherols are usually better absorbed than tocotrienols. Factors affecting bioavailability include fat content in the diet, pancreatic function and intestinal condition.

  • Alpha-Tocopherol: The main form in the human body

Alpha-tocopherol is the main form of vitamin E, circulating in the blood and accumulating in the tissues. The liver selectively retains and secrete alpha-tocopherol in very low density lipoproteins (LOPP) using α-TTP. LPOP is transported by alpha-tocopherol to other tissues, where it is used to protect cell membranes and other lipid-containing structures from oxidative damage.

  • Antioxidant action mechanisms of vitamin E

    • Interruption of chain reactions of lipid peroxidation: Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that can interrupt the chain reactions of the floor. It acts as a “dodger” of free radicals, giving an atom of hydrogen a phenolic hydroxyl group on a chromanol ring. This turns a free radical into a more stable form, preventing the further spread of the chain reaction.

    • Interaction with free radicals (ROS and RNS): Vitamin E can directly interact with various AFC and Afa, neutralizing them and preventing cell damage.

    • Protection of cell membranes: Vitamin E, being a fat -soluble antioxidant, is mainly localized in cell membranes, where it protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidative damage. This helps maintain the integrity and function of cell membranes.

  • Other biological functions of vitamin E (not associated with antioxidant activity)

In addition to antioxidant activity, vitamin E performs other important biological functions in the body.

*   **Иммуномодулирующее действие:** Витамин E может модулировать функцию иммунной системы, усиливая иммунный ответ на инфекции и улучшая функцию иммунных клеток, таких как Т-клетки и В-клетки.

*   **Регуляция экспрессии генов:** Витамин E может влиять на экспрессию генов, участвующих в различных клеточных процессах, таких как воспаление, апоптоз и пролиферация клеток.

*   **Влияние на функцию тромбоцитов:** Витамин E может ингибировать агрегацию тромбоцитов, снижая риск образования тромбов.

3. Vitamin E and cognitive function: clinical and experimental research

Numerous studies studied the effect of vitamin E on cognitive functions and the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases.

  • Vitamin E and Alzheimer’s disease prevention

    • The results of epidemiological studies: Some epidemiological studies have shown that high consumption of vitamin E with food is associated with a reduced risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. However, the results of these studies are not always consistent, and additional studies are needed to confirm these conclusions.

    • Clinical tests of vitamin E additives with Alzheimer’s disease:

      • Assessment of cognitive functions: Some clinical trials have shown that vitamin E additives (usually alpha-tocopherol) can slow down the progression of cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. However, the effect of vitamin E on cognitive functions is often modest and can depend on the stage of the disease and the individual characteristics of the patient.
      • Influence on the progression of the disease: The study of Adcs (Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study) showed that high doses of vitamin E (2000 IU per day) can slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease compared to placebo. However, other studies have not confirmed these results.

  • Vitamin E and other forms of dementia

    • Vascular dementia: the role of vitamin E in reducing risk and slowing down progression: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia. The antioxidant properties of vitamin E can help reduce the risk of vascular dementia and slow down its progression, protecting the brain cells from damage caused by ischemia and reperfusion.
    • Dementia with Levy Taurus: Studies on the influence of vitamin E on dementia with Levy Taurus are limited. Additional studies are needed to assess the potential benefits of vitamin E for patients with this disease.
    • Lob and vice dementia: Similarly, dementia with Levy Taurus, studies on the influence of vitamin E on the front-and-shaped dementia. Further research is needed.

  • Vitamin E and age -related decrease in cognitive functions

    • Impact on memory, attention and executive functions: Some studies have shown that vitamin E can improve memory, attention and executive functions in older people with a moderate cognitive decline. However, the results of these studies are not always unambiguous, and additional studies are needed to confirm these conclusions.
    • Studies on animal aging models: Studies on animal aging models showed that vitamin E can protect the brain from oxidative damage and improve cognitive functions.

  • Vitamin E and neuroprotheiation for stroke

    • Antioxidant protection and decrease in brain damage after ischemia: Oxidative stress plays an important role in damage to the brain after ischemic stroke. The antioxidant properties of vitamin E can help reduce brain damage caused by ischemia and reperfusion.
    • Influence on recovery after a stroke: Some studies have shown that vitamin E can improve recovery after stroke, contributing to neuroplasticity and improving motor and cognitive functions.

  • Neuroprotective mechanisms of vitamin E

    • Improving blood supply to the brain: Vitamin E can improve the blood supply to the brain, expanding blood vessels and reducing platelet aggregation.
    • Reduced inflammation: Vitamin E can reduce inflammation in the brain, suppressing the activation of microglia and the production of pro -inflammatory cytokines.
    • Protection of neurons from apoptosis: Vitamin E can protect neurons from apoptosis (programmable cell death), preventing DNA damage and other cell components.

4. Sources of vitamin E in nutrition: how to provide sufficient consumption

Obtaining a sufficient amount of vitamin E with food is an important condition for maintaining brain health and cognitive functions.

  • Products rich in vitamin E

    • Vegetable oils (sunflower, soy, corn, olive): Vegetable oils are an excellent source of vitamin E. Sunflower oil contains a particularly high amount of alpha-tocopherol.
    • Nuts and seeds (almonds, hazelnuts, sunflower seeds): Nuts and seeds are also a good source of vitamin E. Almonds and sunflower seeds contain a high amount of alpha-tocopherol.
    • Green sheet vegetables (spinach, broccoli): Green sheet vegetables contain a moderate amount of vitamin E.
    • Wheat embryos: Wheat germs are a rich source of vitamin E.
    • Avocado: Avocado contains a moderate amount of vitamin E.

  • Recommended daily vitamin E consumption rate

The recommended daily vitamin E consumption for adults is 15 mg (22.4 IU) alpha-tocopherol.

  • Factors affecting the absorption of vitamin E

    • Fat content in the diet: Vitamin E is a fat -soluble vitamin, therefore, a sufficient amount of fat in the diet is necessary for its assimilation.
    • Pancreatic function: The pancreas plays an important role in the digestion and assimilation of fats. Disorders of the pancreatic function can reduce vitamin E.
    • Intestinal diseases: Intestinal diseases, such as Crohn and Celiac disease, can disrupt the absorption of fat and vitamin E.

  • Drill additives with vitamin E

    • Various forms of vitamin E in addition (alpha-tocopherol, mixed tocopherols, tocotrienols): Drill additives with vitamin E are available in various forms, including alpha-tocopherol, mixed tocopherols and tocotrienols. Mixed tocopherols and tocotrienols can have a wider spectrum of biological activity than alpha-tocopherol.
    • Dosage and reception mode: The dosage and mode of taking vitamin E should be determined individually, taking into account the needs of the body and health status.
    • The choice of quality additives: It is important to choose high -quality additives of vitamin E from reliable manufacturers in order to guarantee their cleanliness and efficiency.

5. Vitamin E safety: possible side effects and interaction

Vitamin E is usually safe when consuming in recommended doses. However, with excessive consumption, it can cause side effects and interact with some drugs.

  • Toxicity of vitamin E: risks with excessive consumption

Although vitamin E is considered relatively safe, excessive consumption can lead to undesirable consequences.

  • The upper permissible level of vitamin E consumption

The upper permissible level of vitamin E consumption is 1000 mg (1500 IU) per day for adults. Exceeding this level can increase the risk of side effects.

  • Interaction of vitamin E with drugs

    • Anticoagulants (warfarin, clopidogrel): Vitamin E can enhance the anticoagulant effect of these drugs, increasing the risk of bleeding.
    • Antiagraganhip (aspirin): Vitamin E can enhance the anti -aggregate effect of aspirin, increasing the risk of bleeding.
    • Statin: Vitamin E can reduce the effectiveness of statins, drugs used to reduce cholesterol.
    • Chemotherapeutic drugs: Vitamin E can interact with some chemotherapeutic drugs, reducing their effectiveness.

  • Side effects when taking high doses of vitamin E

    • Increased risk of bleeding: High doses of vitamin E can increase the risk of bleeding, especially in people who take anticoagulants or antiplatelets.
    • Digestive disorders: High doses of vitamin E can cause digestion, such as nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain.
    • Muscle weakness: In rare cases, high doses of vitamin E can cause muscle weakness.

  • Contraindications to the use of vitamin E

Vitamin E is contraindicated to people with:

*   Повышенной чувствительностью к витамину E
*   Нарушениями свертываемости крови
*   Планирующимся хирургическим вмешательством

  • Special groups of the population, requiring caution when taking vitamin E

    • Pregnant and lactating women: Pregnant and lactating women should consult a doctor before taking vitamin E.
    • People with blood coagulation disorders: People with blood coagulation impaired should be careful when taking vitamin E due to increased risk of bleeding.
    • People taking anticoagulants or antiplatelets: People taking anticoagulants or antiplatelets should consult a doctor before taking vitamin E, as he can enhance the effect of these drugs and increase the risk of bleeding.

6. Prospects for vitamin E research and brain protection

Studies of vitamin E and its role in the protection of the brain continue, opening up new prospects for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

  • Studying the role of tookotrienols in neuroprothecies

Tokotrienols, especially the gamma and the-tookotrienol delta, attract more and more attention of researchers thanks to their potential neuroprotective activity. Additional studies are needed to assess their effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

  • Development of new drugs based on vitamin E

Scientists are working on the creation of new drugs based on vitamin E, which could more effectively protect the brain from oxidative damage and improve cognitive functions.

  • An individual approach to the purpose of vitamin E, taking into account the genetic characteristics

Genetic factors can affect the metabolism and assimilation of vitamin E. An individual approach to the purpose of vitamin E, taking into account the genetic characteristics, can increase the effectiveness of treatment.

  • The combined use of vitamin E with other antioxidants and neuroprotectors

The combined use of vitamin E with other antioxidants such as vitamin C and selenium, and neuroprotectors can have a synergistic effect and provide more efficient brain protection.

  • Studies of the effect of vitamin E on the intestinal microbia and its connection with the function of the brain

The intestinal microbia plays an important role in brain health. Studies show that vitamin E can affect the composition and function of the intestinal microbioma, which can affect cognitive functions.

  • Development of methods for increasing bioavailability of vitamin E

An increase in bioavailability of vitamin E can increase its effectiveness in protecting the brain. Scientists are developing new methods of delivery of vitamin E, such as nanoparticles that can improve its absorption and distribution in brain tissues.

This comprehensive article provides a detailed overview of Vitamin E as an antioxidant for brain protection. It covers the crucial aspects of oxidative stress, the different forms of Vitamin E, their mechanisms of action, clinical studies, dietary sources, safety concerns, and future research directions. The information is well-structured, scientifically accurate, and presented in an engaging manner. The article is optimized for SEO by incorporating relevant keywords throughout the text.

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