B vitamins B: role in energy exchange

B vitamins B: role in energy exchange

Section 1: General idea of group B vitamins

B vitamins are a group of water -soluble vitamins that play a crucial role in many body functions, including energy metabolism, the function of the nervous system and the formation of red blood cells. Widespread means that they do not accumulate in the body in significant quantities and should regularly come with food. Although they are often considered as a single group, each vitamin B has unique functions and chemical properties. The disadvantage of one or more B vitamins can lead to various health problems.

B vitamins include:

• TIAMIN (B1)
• Riboflavin (B2)
• Niacin (B3)
• Pantotenic acid (B5)
• Pyridoxin (B6)
• Biotin (B7)
• Folic acid (B9)
• Kobalaamin (B12)

Each of these vitamins is involved in various enzymatic reactions necessary for converting food into energy. They are also important for the synthesis and restoration of DNA, RNA, hormones and neurotransmitters. Violation of the metabolism of any of these vitamins can seriously affect the energy level, cognitive functions and general health.

Section 2: Tiamin (B1) and energy exchange

Tiamin, or vitamin B1, plays a key role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It acts as a coherent for several important enzymes involved in these processes. The main function of thiamine is to participate in the decarboxylation of alpha coat acids, which is an important step in the path of splitting glucose for energy production.

• Pyruvat dehydrogenate complex (MPC): Tiamine is necessary for the functioning of MPC, which catalyzes the transformation of the pyrowat into acetyl-koa. Acetyl-koa is an important metabolic intermediate product that is included in the Crebs cycle (citric acid cycle) for further energy production in the form of ATP. Without a sufficient amount of Tiamin, MPC cannot function properly, which leads to the accumulation of pyruvat and lactate, as well as to reduce energy production.

• Alfa-Ketoglutarataratradhyrogenate complex: Tiamine is also a cooferment for alpha-metroglutaratrathadrogenate complex, which is involved in the Crebs cycle. This complex catalyzes the transformation of alpha-ketoglutarate into succinyl-Coa, another important step in the production of energy. Tiamine deficiency violates the operation of this complex, reducing the effectiveness of the Crebs cycle and reducing the production of ATP.

• Transcetolasa: Transcetolasa is an enzyme that is involved in the pentosophosphate path, which is important for the production of NADPH (necessary for restoration reactions and protection against oxidative stress) and riboso-phosphate (necessary for the synthesis of nucleic acids). Thiamine is necessary for transcetolase activity. Tiamin deficiency reduces transcetolase activity, which violates these important metabolic pathways.

Tiamine deficiency can lead to Beri Berie, a disease characterized by neurological and cardiovascular disorders. Symptoms of Beri Beri include weakness, fatigue, difficulties with coordination, heart failure and edema. People with alcoholism are at risk of thiamine deficiency due to reduced food consumption, violation of absorption and reducing the use of thiamine in the body. Vernika-Korsakov Syndrome is a neurological disorder associated with a tiamin deficiency, which is often observed in people with alcoholism.

Tiamin sources include whole grain products, legumes, pork and enriched products. The recommended daily dose of thiamine is 1.2 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women.

Section 3: Riboflavin (B2) and energy exchange

Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, plays a decisive role in energy exchange, acting as a coherent for flavoprotein enzymes. Flavoproteins are involved in many redox reactions necessary for the splitting of carbohydrates, fats and proteins for energy production. Riboflavin is a component of the two main coofers: Flavmononucleotide (FMN) and Flavidenindininucleotide (FAD).

• FMN and Fad: FMN and FAD are coofers for a wide range of enzymes involved in various metabolic pathways. They accept and give electrons in redox reactions, which allows these enzymes to catalyze important steps in the metabolism of energy.

• Electron-transport chain (ETC): FAD is an important component of complex II in the ETC, which is located in the inner Mitochondria membrane. The II complex, also known as succinate dehydrogenase, catalyzes the oxidation of the succinate to fumarat in the Krebs cycle and transmits electrons to Kulikhinon (Coenzima Q10). This process is necessary for the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

• Metabolism of fatty acids: FAD is involved in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, a process in which fatty acids are split into acetyl-koa for energy production. ACIL-COA dehydrogenase, an enzyme requiring FAD, catalyzes the first step in beta-oxidation. Riboflavin deficiency can disrupt beta-oxidation, which leads to a decrease in the use of fatty acids for energy production.

• Oxide and restoration reactions: Riboflavin is involved in many other redox reactions necessary for metabolism. It plays a role in the metabolism of vitamins B6 and folic acid, as well as in the restoration of glutathione, an important antioxidant.

Riboflavin deficiency, also known as ariboflavinosis, can lead to various symptoms, including inflammation of the mucous membranes (for example, chelosis, glossitis, stomatitis), skin rashes, photophobia and anemia. Riboflavin deficiency is rarely found in isolation and is often observed along with a deficiency of other vitamins of group B.

Riboflavin sources include dairy products, meat, eggs, green leafy vegetables and enriched products. The recommended daily dose of riboflavin is 1.3 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women.

Section 4: NiaCin (B3) and energy exchange

Niacin, or vitamin B3, plays a vital role in energy exchange, participating as a coherent in numerous redox reactions. Niacin is present in two main coherent forms: nicotinindenindininucleotide (above) and nicotinindinindininocleotidfosphate (NAS).

• NAD I NADF: Over and NADF are key coofers for hundreds of enzymes called dehydrogenases that participate in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and alcohol. It is mainly involved in catabolic reactions that release energy, while the NADF mainly participates in anabolic reactions that require energy.

• Glycolysis: It is necessary for glycolysis, the path in which glucose breaks into a pyruvate. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in glycolis, requires a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate over the catalysis to 1,3-bisfosfoglycerates. This step generates NADN, which is subsequently used for the production of ATP.

• Crebca cycle: It is also necessary for several reactions in the Crebs cycle, including the oxidation of isocytrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-coal and malate to oxaloacetate. These reactions generate NADN, which transfers electrons to the ETC for the production of ATP.

• ETC: NADN and FADN2 (produced using riboflavin) deliver electrons to the ETC, where electrons pass through a series of protein complexes, releasing energy, which is used to pump protons through the internal membrane of the mitochondria. This proton gradient drives ATP-syntase, which produces ATP from ADF and inorganic phosphate.

• Pentosophosphate path: NADF is important for a pentosophosphate path that generates Nadph and Ribozo-5-phosphate. NADPH is necessary for recovery reactions, such as the synthesis of fatty acids and steroid hormones, as well as to protect against oxidative stress.

Niacin deficiency can lead to Pellagra, a disease characterized by a triad of symptoms: dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia (“three D”). Symptoms of pellagra include photosensitive skin rashes, inflammation of the mucous membranes, gastrointestinal disorders and neurological problems. Pellagra is more often found in populations, where the main food is corn, since Niacin in corn is in a form that is not easy to absorb.

Niacin sources include meat, fish, poultry, nuts, seeds and enriched products. The body can also synthesize niacin from the amino acid of tryptophan, although this process is ineffective. The recommended daily dose of Niacin is 16 mg NE (niacin equivalents) for men and 14 mg NE for women.

Section 5: Pantotenic acid (B5) and energy metabolism

Pantotenic acid, or vitamin B5, is an important component of cooferment A (COA), which plays a central role in energy exchange. COA is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It is involved in many enzymatic reactions, including the Crebs cycle, beta-oxidation of fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis.

• Suitcase A (KOA): KOA functions as a carrier of acyel groups, which are fragments of organic acids. It transfers acyel groups to and from enzymes, allowing these enzymes to catalyze important metabolic reactions.

• Crebca cycle: KOA is necessary for the formation of acetyl-koa from a pyruvat, a reaction, catalyzed MPC. Acetyl-CoA enters the Crebs cycle, where it is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, producing energy in the form of ATF, Nadn and Fadn2. KOA is also involved in other reactions of the Crebs cycle, such as the transformation of the succinate into succinyl-Coa.

• Beta-oxidation of fatty acids: KOA is involved in the activation of fatty acids, which is the first step in beta-oxidation. Fatty acids are connected to the COA with the formation of ACIL-COA, which is then transported to mitochondria for splitting. Beta-oxidation breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-koa, which is included in the Krebs cycle for energy production.

• Synthesis of fatty acids: Coa is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, a process in which acetyl-koa is used to build new fatty acids. This process requires ATP and Nadph.

• Cholesterol synthesis: KOA is involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, an important component of cell membranes and the precursor of steroid hormones.

Pantothenic acid deficiency is rare, since it is widespread in food. Symptoms of deficiency may include fatigue, headaches, insomnia, nausea, abdominal pain and numbness or burning in the arms and legs.

Sources of pantothenic acid include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, whole grain products, legumes and vegetables. The recommended daily panthenic acid rate is 5 mg for adults.

Section 6: Pyridoxin (B6) and energy exchange

Pyridoxine, or vitamin B6, plays an important role in energy exchange, participating as a coofer for more than 100 enzymes, most of which participate in amino acid metabolism. It also participates in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, as well as in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and hemoglobin. The main cooferment form of vitamin B6 is pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLF).

• Amino acid metabolism: PLF is necessary for many reactions in the metabolism of amino acids, including transamination, deamination, decarboxylation and crush of side chains. Transmination tolerates amino groups between amino acids and ket acids, which is necessary for the synthesis of essential amino acids and removal of excess nitrogen. Deaminating removes amino groups from amino acids, generating ammonia, which is converted into urea and removed from the body. Carboxyal group of amino acids removes the decarboxylation, forming amines, some of which are neurotransmitters.

• Glycogenolysis: PLF is involved in glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen (glucose) into glucose. Glycogen phosphorylase, an enzyme that catalyzes glycogenolysis, requires PLF for its activity. This is important for the release of glucose from glycogen during physical activity or during fasting periods.

• Gluconeogenesis: PLF is involved in gluconeogenesis, glucose synthesis of non-carb sources, such as amino acids and glycerin. Several enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis require PLF as a coofer.

• GEMA synthesis: PLF is involved in the synthesis of hem, a component of hemoglobin, which transfers oxygen in the blood. Ala-syntase, an enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of hem, requires PLF.

• Synthesis neurotransmitted: PLF is necessary for the synthesis of several neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and GABK. Carboxylase, enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of these neurotransmitters, require PLF.

Pyridoxine deficiency can lead to various symptoms, including anemia, skin rashes, neurological problems (for example, convulsions, depression, confusion of consciousness) and weakening of immunity. Certain drugs, such as isoniazide (used to treat tuberculosis), can interfere with vitamin B6 metabolism and increase the risk of deficiency.

Sources of pyridoxine include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, whole grain products, legumes, nuts and some fruits and vegetables. The recommended daily dose of pyridoxine is 1.3 mg for adults aged 19-50 years.

Section 7: BIOTIN (B7) and energy exchange

Biotin, or vitamin B7, plays an important role in energy metabolism, acting as a coofer for several carboxylase enzymes. Carboxylazes are involved in important metabolic tracks, including gluconeogenesis, synthesis of fatty acids and amino acid metabolism.

• Pyrivatarboxylase: Pyruvatkarboxylase catalyzes pyruvate carboxylation to oxaloacetate, which is the first step in gluconeogenesis. Gloundogenesis is a synthesis of glucose from non-carb sources, such as amino acids and glycerin. Pyruvatkarboxylase is important for maintaining blood glucose levels, especially during fasting periods or during intensive physical activity.

• Acetyl-Coa-Carboxylase (ACC): AKK catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-koa to a low-coil, which is the first irreversible step in the synthesis of fatty acids. The synthesis of fatty acids is a process in which acetyl-koa is used to build new fatty acids. AKK plays an important role in the regulation of the metabolism of fatty acids.

• Propionil-Coa-carboxylase: Propionil-co-carboxylase catalyzes propionil-coal carboxylation to methylmalonalin-koa, which is involved in the metabolism of some amino acids and fatty acids with an odd number of carbon.

• Beta-methylcrotonel-koa-carboxylase: Beta-methylcotron-coal-carboxylase catalyzes carboxylation of beta-methylcronel-koa, participating in the metabolism of the amino acid Leucin.

Biotin’s deficiency is rare, since it is widespread in food and can also be produced by bacteria in the intestines. However, the use of raw eggs in large quantities can lead to a biotin deficiency, since egg protein contains avidine, which binds with biotin and prevents its absorption. Symptoms of biotin deficiency may include hair loss, skin rashes, neurological problems (for example, depression, fatigue, cramps) and impaired immunity.

Sources of biotin include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, nuts, seeds and some vegetables. The recommended daily norm of biotin is 30 μg for adults.

Section 8: Folic acid (B9) and energy metabolism

Folic acid, or vitamin B9, plays an important role in energy metabolism, especially in the metabolism of single -tied units, which is necessary for the synthesis of DNA, RNA and amino acids. Coferment form of folic acid is tetrahydrofolat (TGF).

• Metabolism of single -iron units: TGF acts as a carrier of single -iron units, such as methyl, formal and methylene groups. These single -iron units are necessary for various biochemical reactions, including:

  • Purine and Pirimidinov synthesis: TGF is necessary for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidin bases, which are construction blocks of DNA and RNA. Folic acid deficiency can disrupt the synthesis of DNA and RNA, which leads to problems with cell division and growth.
  • Amino acid metabolism: TGF is involved in the metabolism of several amino acids, including homocysteine, serin and glycine. It is necessary to turn homocysteine into methionine, which is catalyzed by the enzyme methioninsyntase. Folic acid deficiency can lead to an increase in homocysteine levels, which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
  • Syntez Tetagydobihobiople (TGB): TGF is necessary for the synthesis of TGB, cooferment involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine.

• The formation of red blood cells: Folic acid is necessary for the formation of red blood cells. Folic acid deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia, characterized by the formation of large, immature red blood cells.

Folic acid deficiency can lead to various health problems, including megaloblastic anemia, congenital defects of the nervous tube (for example, cleft spine), an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and an increased risk of certain types of cancer. Pregnant women are recommended to take a sufficient amount of folic acid to reduce the risk of defects in the nervous tube in their children.

Sources of folic acid include green leafy vegetables, legumes, citrus and enriched products. The recommended daily dose of folic acid is 400 mcg DFE (food equivalents of folates) for adults.

Section 9: Cobalamin (B12) and energy exchange

Cobalamine, or vitamin B12, plays a decisive role in energy metabolism, especially in the metabolism of homocysteine and methylmalonil-cooa. It is also necessary for the function of the nervous system and the formation of red blood cells.

• Homocysteine metabolism: Vitamin B12 is necessary for the functioning of the enzyme of methioninsyntase, which catalyzes the transformation of homocysteine into methionine. This reaction requires methylcobalamin, a coherent shape of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to an increase in the level of homocysteine, which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Folic acid is also involved in this process, so the deficiency of any of these vitamins can lead to hyperhomocysteinemia.

• Metabolism methylmalonil-koa: Vitamin B12 is necessary for the functioning of the enzyme methylmalonil-coo-mutase, which catalyzes the transformation of methylmalonil-cooa into succinyl-Coa. This reaction requires adenosylcobalamin, another coherent form of vitamin B12. Sexil-COA is an important intermediate product in the Crebs cycle. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to the accumulation of methylmalonic acid (MMA), which can damage the nervous system.

• The function of the nervous system: Vitamin B12 is necessary to maintain a myelin shell that surrounds and protects the nerve fibers. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to damage to the myelin shell, which leads to neurological problems, such as numbness, tingling, weakness and difficulties with coordination.

• The formation of red blood cells: Vitamin B12 is necessary for the formation of red blood cells. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia, characterized by the formation of large, immature red blood cells.

Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to various health problems, including megaloblastic anemia, neurological problems, fatigue, weakness and loss of appetite. Older people are at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency due to a reduced ability to absorb vitamin B12 from food. People who observe a strict vegetarian or vegan diet are also at increased risk of vitamin B12 deficiency, since it is mainly contained in animal products.

Sources of vitamin B12 include meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy products. Vegans can get vitamin B12 from enriched products (for example, enriched vegetable milk, enriched dry breakfasts) or from additives of vitamin B12. The recommended daily dose of vitamin B12 is 2.4 mcg for adults.

Section 10: Interaction between B vitamins B and Energy Exchange

B vitamins are closely interconnected and often work synergically in energy exchange. The deficiency of one vitamin group B can affect the metabolism of other B vitamins and disrupt general energy processes.

• Interaction Thiamine, Riboflavina and Niacina: Tiamin, Riboflavin and Niacin are necessary for the functioning of the MPC and the Crebs cycle, which are the central ways in energy exchange. The deficiency of one of these vitamins can reduce the effectiveness of these paths and lead to a decrease in energy production.

• Interaction of vitamin B6, folic acid and vitamin B12: Vitamin B6, folic acid and vitamin B12 are involved in the metabolism of homocysteine. The deficiency of any of these vitamins can lead to an increase in the level of homocysteine, which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Folic acid is also necessary to turn vitamin B12 into its coherent forms.

• Pantotenic acid and coherent A: Pantotenic acid is a component of the COA, which is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. A deficiency of pantothenic acid can disrupt a wide range of metabolic processes.

• Biotin and carboxylase: Biotin is necessary for the functioning of carboxylase, which are involved in gluconeogenesis, synthesis of fatty acids and amino acid metabolism. Biotin deficiency can affect these important metabolic paths.

Maintaining sufficient consumption of all vitamins of group B is important for optimal energy exchange and general health. A balanced diet rich in various products is the best way to ensure adequate consumption of group B vitamins. In some cases, the additives of group B vitamins can be useful, especially for people with deficiency or for those who are at risk of deficiency. It is important to consult a doctor or registered nutritionist in order to determine the need for additives of vitamins of group B.

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