Digital healthcare: world experience and prospects

Digital healthcare: world experience and prospects

Section 1: Conceptual foundations of digital healthcare

1. 1 Determination of digital health care. Digital healthcare (CZ) is a wide category covering the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to improve the health and well -being of people. It includes various tools and services, such as telemedicine, mobile healthcare (MHealtH), wearable devices, big data in healthcare, artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine, electronic medical records (EMKs) and much more. The Center is aimed at improving the availability, quality, efficiency and personalization of medical care. Unlike telemedicine, which is focused mainly at distance consultations, the Central Administration covers a wider range of digital solutions used throughout the patient’s path, from prevention and diagnosis to treatment and rehabilitation.

2. 2 Key components of digital health.

   • Electronic medical cards (EMK): The digital presentation of the patient’s medical history, allowing doctors to access information in real time, coordinate care and make more reasonable decisions.
   • Telemedicine: The provision of medical services remotely using telecommunication technologies, including video consultations, remote monitoring of patients and television and radiology.
   • Mobile Healthcare (MHEALTH): The use of mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, to provide medical services, including health applications, text messages and remote counseling.
   • Wearable devices: Devices that can be worn on the body, such as fitness trackers and smart hours, to track various health indicators, such as heart rate, activity level and sleep.
   • Big data in healthcare: Analysis of large volumes of medical data to identify patterns, improve diagnosis and treatment, as well as optimizing the work of the healthcare system.
   • Artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine: The use of machine learning algorithms and other AI methods to help doctors in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.
   • Internet of things (IoT) in healthcare: Connecting medical equipment and devices to the Internet for data collection, automation of processes and increasing efficiency.
   • Robotics in medicine: The use of robots to perform various medical tasks, such as surgery, rehabilitation and transportation of medicines.
   • 3D printing in medicine: The use of 3D printers to create individual prostheses, implants and other medical devices.

3. 3 The goals and objectives of digital health care.

   • Increasing the availability of medical care: Ensuring access to medical care for patients living in remote areas or having limited movement opportunities.
   • Improving the quality of medical care: Providing doctors with access to more complete information about patients and the use of advanced technologies to improve diagnosis and treatment.
   • Improving the efficiency of the healthcare system: Optimization of processes, reduction of expenses and improving care coordination.
   • Personalization of medical care: Adaptation of treatment to individual needs and preferences of each patient.
   • Expanding the rights and capabilities of patients: Providing patients with greater control over their health and involve them in the decision -making process.
   • Prevention of diseases: The use of digital tools to promote a healthy lifestyle and the prevention of diseases.
   • Reducing inequality in healthcare: Ensuring equal access to medical care for all members of society, regardless of their socio-economic status.
   • Support for aging of the population: Providing digital decisions to care for older people and improve their quality of life.
   • The fight against pandemias: The use of digital technologies for monitoring the spread of diseases, tracking contacts and developing vaccines and drugs.

Section 2: World experience in introducing digital healthcare

2. 1 North America.

   • United States of America: The United States is one of the leaders in the field of digital health care, with the developed EMC infrastructure, the widespread propagation of telemedicine and the active development of MHEALTH. The introduction of EMC is stimulated by the programs of the federal government, such as HITECH ACT. Telemedicine is widely used to help patients in rural areas and for the treatment of chronic diseases. Numerous startups are developing innovative solutions in the field of digital health care, including health applications, wearable devices and platforms for data exchange. However, problems include fragmentation of the healthcare system, high costs and problems with compatibility of various systems.
   • Canada: Canada also actively introduces digital health care, with a focus on the creation of integrated systems that provide access to patients about patients for all interested parties. The Canadian government invests in the development of the EMC and telemedicine infrastructure. The provinces and territories have significant autonomy in the field of healthcare, which leads to some heterogeneity in the development of digital healthcare throughout the country. Problems include limited financing and lack of specialists in the field of IT in healthcare.

3. 2 Europe.

   • UK: The National Health Service (NHS) of the UK is actively introducing digital health care, with ambitious plans to create a unified EMC system and expand the use of telemedicine. NHS offers a wide range of digital services, including an online recording of an appointment with a doctor, online consultations and health applications. Problems include difficulties with the integration of various systems and resistance from some medical workers.
   • Germany: Germany has a well -developed healthcare system, but the introduction of digital healthcare is more slowly than in other countries. The German government adopted a number of laws aimed at stimulating the development of digital health care, including the Law on Digital Medicine (DVG). EMC is not as widespread as in other countries, but the government plans to introduce them on a national scale. Telemedicine is becoming more and more popular, especially to assist patients in rural areas.
   • Scandinavia countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland): Scandinavia countries are leaders in the field of digital health care, with a high level of Internet penetration and developed EMC infrastructure. These countries are actively using telemedicine, MHEaltH and other digital technologies to improve the quality of medical care. Citizens have wide access to information about their health and can actively participate in the decision -making process. Problems include the need to protect data privacy and ensuring system security.

4. 3 Asia.

   • China: China is one of the fastest growing digital health markets in the world. The China government is actively supporting the development of digital health care to improve access to medical care and reduce costs. Many large technological companies, such as Alibaba and Tencent, are actively investing in digital health care. MHEALTH is very popular in China, thanks to the widespread spread of smartphones. Problems include the need to ensure data security and market regulation.
   • India: India has a huge potential for the development of digital health care, taking into account the large population and limited access to medical care. The government of India has launched a national digital mission in the field of healthcare (NDHM), aimed at creating a unified digital infrastructure for healthcare. MHEALTH is widely used in India to provide health information and help patients in rural areas. Problems include lack of infrastructure, low digital literacy and limited financing.
   • Japan: Japan has an aging population and needs effective decisions to care for older people. The Japanese government actively supports the development of digital health care, with a focus on telemedicine, robotics and other advanced technologies. Telemedicine is used to help patients in remote areas and for the treatment of chronic diseases. Robots are used to care for older people and help in rehabilitation. Problems include the high cost of technologies and the need to teach medical workers.

5. 4 Australia and Oceania.

   • Australia: Australia actively introduces digital health care, with a focus on telemedicine and Mhealth. The Australian government invests in the development of digital health infrastructure and supports the use of digital technologies to improve medical care in rural areas. My Health Record is an EMK national system that allows patients and medical workers to access the patient’s health information. Problems include the need to protect data privacy and ensuring system security.

6. 5 Latin America.

   • Brazil: Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America and has a potential for the development of digital health care. The Brazil government supports the use of digital technologies to improve access to medical care and reduce costs. MHEALTH is widely used in Brazil to provide health information and help patients in rural areas. Problems include lack of infrastructure, low digital literacy and limited financing.

Section 3: Technologies underlying digital healthcare

7. 1 Electronic medical cards (EMK).

   • EMC advantages: Improving the quality of medical care, improving the efficiency of medical workers, reducing the risk of medical errors, improving coordination of care, expanding the rights and capabilities of patients.
   • Problems of EMC implementation: The high cost of implementation, the need to teach medical workers, problems with compatibility of various systems, the need to protect data privacy.
   • EMC development trends: The transition to cloud EMCs, the integration of EMC with other systems (for example, telemedicine platforms), the use of AI to analyze EMC data.

8. 2 Telemedicine.

   • Types of telemedicine: Video consultations, remote monitoring of patients, television radology, telepathology, telepsihiatry.
   • Advantages of telemedicine: Increasing the availability of medical care, reducing costs, improving the quality of medical care, expanding the rights and capabilities of patients.
   • Telemedicine problems: The need to have reliable Internet communications, the need to train medical workers, problems with reimbursement of expenses for telemedicine services, the need to protect the data privacy.
   • Telemedicine development trends: The expansion of the range of services provided using telemedicine, the use of AI to improve diagnosis and treatment, integration of telemedicine with other systems (for example, EMC).

9. 3 Mobile healthcare (MHEALTH).

   • Types of health applications: Applications for monitoring physical activity, applications for controlling chronic diseases, applications for mental health, an application for pregnancy and childbirth.
   • Advantages MHEALTH: Improving the availability of health information, expanding patients’ rights and capabilities, reducing costs, improving compliance with the treatment regimen.
   • MHealth problems: The low quality of some applications, the need to protect data privacy, problems with market regulation, limited use by elderly people.
   • MHealth development trends: The use of AI for personalizing recommendations, the integration of MHEALTH with other systems (for example, EMC), the development of wearable devices for health monitoring.

10. 4 Wearable devices.

    • Types of wearable devices: Fitness trackers, smart watches, heart rhythm monitoring devices, sleep monitoring devices, blood glucose leveling devices.
    • Advantages of wearable devices: Monitoring of health indicators in real time, motivation for a healthy lifestyle, early diagnosis of diseases.
    • Problems of wearable devices: The inaccuracy of measurements, the need to protect data privacy, the high cost of certain devices, limited use by older people.
    • Development trends of wearable devices: Integration with other systems (for example, EMC), the use of AI for data analysis, the development of more accurate and reliable devices.

11. 5 Big data in healthcare.

    • Sources of big data in healthcare: EMK, clinical research data, data of insurance companies, data of wearable devices, social networks.
    • The use of big data in healthcare: Identification of patterns, improvement of diagnosis and treatment, optimization of the work of the healthcare system, forecasting epidemics.
    • Problems of using big data in healthcare: The need to protect data confidentiality, data quality problems, the need for data analysis specialists.
    • Big data development trends in healthcare: The use of AI for data analysis, the creation of platforms for data exchange, development of methods for protecting data privacy.

12. 6 Artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine.

    • The use of AI in medicine: Diagnosis of diseases, treatment of diseases, drug development, personalization of medical care, optimization of the work of the healthcare system.
    • Types of AI in medicine: Machine learning, deep learning, processing a natural language.
    • The advantages of AI in medicine: Improving the accuracy of diagnosis, acceleration of drug development, personalization of medical care, increasing the efficiency of medical workers.
    • Problems of using AI in medicine: The need to protect the data privacy, the need to validate the AI algorithms, the need to teach medical workers, ethical issues.
    • Trends in the development of AI in medicine: The development of more complex algorithms, the integration of AI with other systems (for example, EMC), the development of methods for explaining the solutions of AI.

13. 7 The Internet of things (IOT) in healthcare.

    • Application IoT in healthcare: Remote monitoring of patients, medical equipment management, process automation, tracking the movement of medicines and equipment.
    • Advantages of IOT in healthcare: Improving the efficiency of the healthcare system, improving the quality of medical care, reducing costs.
    • Problems of IOT use in healthcare: The need to protect data privacy, the need to ensure the safety of IoT devices, problems with compatibility of various devices.
    • IOT development trends in healthcare: The development of safer and reliable IoT devices, IOT integration with other systems (for example, EMK), the use of AI for data analysis collected by IoT devices.

14. 8 Robotics in medicine.

    • The use of robotics in medicine: Surgery, rehabilitation, transportation of medicines and equipment, care for elderly people.
    • Advantages of robotics in medicine: Improving the accuracy of surgical operations, acceleration of rehabilitation, increasing the safety of the work of medical workers, reducing costs.
    • Problems of using robotics in medicine: The high cost of robots, the need to teach medical workers, ethical issues.
    • Robotics development trends in medicine: The development of cheaper and easy -to -use robots, the development of new applications of robotics in medicine, the integration of robotics with other systems (for example, EMK).

15. 9 3D printing in medicine.

    • Application of 3D printing in medicine: Creation of individual prostheses, implants, surgical instruments, models of organs for operations planning, bioprint of tissues and organs.
    • Advantages of 3D printing in medicine: Personalization of medical devices, reduction of costs, acceleration of production, creating complex geometric shapes.
    • Problems of using 3D printing in medicine: The need to use biocompatible materials, the need to validate printing processes, ethical issues.
    • 3D printing trends in medicine: The development of new materials for 3D printing, the development of bioprint of tissues and organs, the creation of more complex and functional medical devices.

Section 4: Digital Health Regulation

16. 1 The need to regulate digital healthcare. The regulation of digital healthcare is necessary to protect the rights of patients, ensure the safety of data, ensure the quality of medical services and stimulate innovation. The lack of regulation can lead to abuses, unfair competition and undermining of trust in digital technologies.

17. 2 Key aspects of digital health regulation.

    • Data protection: Data protection laws, such as GDPR in Europe and HIPAA in the USA, regulate the collection, storage and use of personal medical data. It is necessary to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data.
    • Safety: It is necessary to ensure the safety of systems and devices of digital healthcare from cyber attacks and unauthorized access. Security standards, such as ISO 27001, help organizations introduce effective protection measures.
    • Quality: It is necessary to ensure the quality of medical services provided using digital technologies. Quality standards, such as ISO 9001, help organizations introduce effective quality management systems.
    • Responsibility: It is necessary to determine the responsibility for medical errors made using digital technologies. It is important to clearly define the roles and responsibilities of all participants in the process of providing medical care.
    • Reimbursement of expenses: It is necessary to determine the procedure for reimbursing the costs of medical services provided using digital technologies. Insurance companies must develop clear rules and tariffs for payment of telemedicine and other digital services.
    • Regulation of medical devices: Medical devices used in digital health care must comply with strict safety and efficiency requirements. Regulatory authorities, such as FDA in the USA and EMA in Europe, evaluate and certification of medical devices.
    • Interoperability: It is necessary to ensure compatibility of various systems and devices of digital health care. Standards of interactiveness, such as HL7 and FIR, help to ensure data exchange between different systems.

18. 3 International organizations and initiatives in the field of digital health regulation.

    • World Health Organization (WHO): WHO is developing recommendations and standards in the field of digital health and supports countries in the development of national strategies and plans for action.
    • European Commission: The European Commission develops regulatory acts in the field of digital health and finances research and innovation.
    • Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): OECD conducts research and analysis in the field of digital health and develops recommendations for member countries.

Section 5: Economic aspects of digital healthcare

19. 1 The influence of digital health care on the economy. Digital healthcare can have a significant impact on the economy, reducing costs, increasing performance and creating new jobs.

20. 2 Economic benefits of digital health care.

    • Reducing costs: Digital healthcare can reduce medical care by reducing the number of hospitalizations, reducing the need for full -time consultations and increasing the efficiency of medical workers.
    • Improving performance: Digital healthcare can increase the productivity of medical workers by automating routine tasks, providing access to information in real time and improve care coordination.
    • Creating new jobs: Digital healthcare can create new jobs in the field of software development, data analysis, telemedicine and other areas.
    • GDP increase: Digital health care can help increase GDP by increasing productivity, reducing costs and creating new jobs.
    • Investment attracting: Digital healthcare attracts investments in new technologies, startups and research.

21. 3 Sources of digital health funding.

    • State financing: Governments can finance digital health care from tax revenues and targeted programs.
    • Private financing: Private investors, such as venture funds and private investment companies, can finance startups and innovative projects in the field of digital health care.
    • Insurance companies: Insurance companies can finance digital health care by paying for medical services provided using digital technologies.
    • Non -profit organizations: Non -profit organizations, such as funds and charitable organizations, can finance research and projects in the field of digital health care.
    • Self-financing: Medical organizations can finance the introduction of digital technologies at the expense of their own funds.

22. 4 Digital health-health business models.

    • Paid model: Patients pay for medical services provided using digital technologies directly.
    • Insurance model: Insurance companies pay for medical services provided using digital technologies.
    • State model: The state pays for medical services provided using digital technologies.
    • Mixed model: A combination of various sources of financing is used.

Section 6: Ethical aspects of digital health care

23. 1 Ethical calls of digital health. Digital healthcare raises a number of important ethical issues that must be taken into account when developing and implementing digital technologies.

24. 2 Key ethical issues.

    • Data confidentiality: It is necessary to ensure the confidentiality of personal medical data and protect them from unauthorized access.
    • Data security: It is necessary to ensure the safety of systems and devices of digital healthcare from cyber attacks and other threats.
    • Equality of access: It is necessary to ensure equal access to digital technologies for all members of society, regardless of their socio-economic status.
    • Autonomy of the patient: It is necessary to respect the autonomy of the patient and provide him with the opportunity to make informed decisions about his health.
    • Transparency: It is necessary to ensure the transparency of the AI and other digital technologies used in medicine.
    • Responsibility: It is necessary to determine the responsibility for medical errors made using digital technologies.
    • The bias of algorithms: It is necessary to avoid the bias of the AI and other digital technologies in order to prevent discrimination of individual groups of the population.
    • Degumanization of medicine: It is necessary to avoid dehumanization of medicine and maintain a human attitude to patients.
    • Ethical supervision: It is necessary to create effective mechanisms for ethical supervision of the development and implementation of digital technologies in healthcare.

25. 3 Ethical principles of digital health care.

    • Good deed: Digital technologies should be used to improve the health and well -being of patients.
    • Harvesting the harm: Digital technologies should not harm patients.
    • Justice: Digital technologies should be available to all members of society, regardless of their socio-economic status.
    • Autonomy: It is necessary to respect the autonomy of the patient and provide him with the opportunity to make informed decisions about his health.

Section 7: Prospects for the development of digital health care

26. 1 Digital health development trends.

    • Personalization: Medical assistance is becoming increasingly personalized, through the use of digital technologies.
    • Prevention: Digital technologies are used to prevent diseases and promote a healthy lifestyle.
    • Remote monitoring: Remote monitoring of patients is becoming more and more common due to the development of wearable devices and telemedicine.
    • Automation: Automation of routine tasks using AI and robotics increases the efficiency of medical workers.
    • Integration: Various systems and devices of digital healthcare integrate with each other, which allows you to exchange data and improve care coordination.
    • Cloud technologies: Cloud technologies are becoming more and more popular due to their scalability, flexibility and safety.
    • Mobile technologies: Mobile technologies continue to play an important role in digital healthcare, thanks to the widespread spread of smartphones and tablets.
    • Artificial intelligence: AI is becoming an increasingly powerful tool for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.
    • Blockchain: Blockchain can be used to ensure the safety and transparency of medical data.
    • Virtual and augmented reality: Virtual and supplemented reality can be used to teach medical workers, rehabilitation of patients and improve the quality of medical care.

27. 2 Barriers on the path of development of digital health.

    • High cost: The introduction of digital technologies can be expensive.
    • Lack of specialists: There are not enough specialists in the field of IT in healthcare.
    • Compatibility problems: Various systems and devices can be incompatible with each other.
    • The need to protect data: It is necessary to ensure the safety and confidentiality of medical data.
    • Regulatory restrictions: Existing regulatory norms may impede the development of digital health.
    • Resistance from medical workers: Some medical workers may resist the introduction of new technologies.
    • Low digital literacy: Low digital literacy of the population can prevent the use of digital technologies in healthcare.

28. 3 Recommendations to accelerate the development of digital health care.

    • Increase in financing: It is necessary to increase financing of research, development and implementation of digital technologies in healthcare.
    • Infrastructure development: It is necessary to develop the infrastructure necessary to support digital health care, such as high -speed Internet and cloud computing.
    • Development of standards: It is necessary to develop interactions and safety standards to ensure compatibility of various systems and devices.
    • Training of specialists: It is necessary to train specialists in the field of IT in healthcare.
    • Improving the regulatory base: It is necessary to improve the regulatory base to stimulate innovation and protect the rights of patients.
    • Increasing digital literacy: It is necessary to increase the digit literacy of the population.
    • Involvement of medical workers: It is necessary to involve medical workers in the process of developing and introducing digital technologies.
    • International cooperation: It is necessary to develop international cooperation in the field of digital health.

Section 8: Digital Health in Russia: current state and prospects

29. 1 The current state of digital healthcare in Russia.

    • Regulatory framework: A number of regulatory acts governing digital health care have been adopted in Russia, including Federal Law No. 242-ФЗ “On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on the Application of Information Technologies in the Sphere of Health Protection”.
    • Information infrastructure: In Russia, a unified state information system in the field of healthcare (EGISZ) is created, which should ensure the integration of various information systems and the exchange of data between medical organizations.
    • Electronic medical cards: The introduction of EMC in Russia is more slow than in other countries, but the government plans to speed up this process.
    • Telemedicine: Telemedicine is developing in Russia, but has not yet become widespread.
    • mHealth: MHEALTH is developing in Russia, but still lacking high -quality health applications.
    • Artificial intelligence: AI begins to be used in medicine in Russia, but so far mainly in pilot projects.

30. 2 Problems of the development of digital healthcare in Russia.

    • Insufficient funding: Insufficient financing is one of the main obstacles to the development of digital healthcare in Russia.
    • Lack of specialists: There are not enough specialists in the field of IT in healthcare.
    • Compatibility problems: Various information systems are not always compatible with each other.
    • The need to protect data: It is necessary to ensure the safety and confidentiality of medical data.
    • Resistance from medical workers: Some medical workers resist the introduction of new technologies.
    • Low digital literacy: Low digital literacy of the population can prevent the use of digital technologies in healthcare.

31. 3 Prospects for the development of digital health in Russia.

    • Acceleration of EMC implementation: The government plans to speed up the introduction of EMC in Russia.
    • Telemedicine development: Telemedicine will develop in Russia, especially to assist patients in remote areas.
    • Development Mhealth: MHEALTH will develop in Russia due to the widespread spread of smartphones and tablets.
    • Development of AI in medicine: AI will be used more wider in medicine in Russia.
    • Development of information infrastructure: The development of a unified state information system in the field of healthcare (EGISZ) will continue.

Section 9: Conclusion

Digital healthcare is an important area of development of the healthcare system, which can improve the availability, quality and effectiveness of medical care. Despite the existing barriers, the prospects for the development of digital healthcare are very encouraging. For the successful implementation of digital technologies, it is necessary to take into account ethical aspects, provide data protection, develop infrastructure and train specialists. The development of digital healthcare in Russia requires active support from the state, private investors and medical organizations.