Vitamins for children’s immunity: what works

Vitamins for children’s immunity: what works

Section 1: Understanding children’s immunity

Children’s immunity is a complex system designed to protect the body from harmful pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Unlike an adult, the child’s immune system is in the process of development and formation, which makes children more susceptible to infections. This ripening process begins from the moment of birth and continues during the first years of life.

1.1. Components of the child’s immune system:

The immune system consists of two main parts: congenital and acquired immunity.

• Inborn immunity: This is the first line of protection with which the child is born. It includes physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes, as well as immune cells, such as phagocytes and natural killers (NK cells), which immediately attack invaded pathogens. Congenital immunity reacts quickly, but not specific – it attacks all potentially dangerous elements without recognizing specific threats.

• Acquired immunity: It develops during the life of the child, when he encounters various antigens (substances that cause an immune response). It includes humoral immunity (mediated by b-lymphocytes that produce antibodies) and cellular immunity (mediated by T-lymphocytes, which directly destroy infected cells). Acquired immunity requires time for development, but it is specific and provides long -term protection (immunological memory).

1.2. Factors affecting children’s immunity:

Many factors affect the development and functioning of the child’s immune system:

• Genetics: Heredity plays a certain role in predisposition to certain immune disorders.

• Nutrition: A balanced diet, rich in vitamins, minerals and other nutrients, is necessary to maintain a healthy immune system. A lack of nutrients can weaken the immune response.

• Breast-feeding: Breast milk contains antibodies and other immunological factors that help protect the baby from infections.

• Vaccination: Vaccines teach the immune system to recognize and fight specific diseases, providing long -term protection.

• Environmental influence: The influence of toxins, environmental pollution and other harmful substances can weaken the immune system.

• Stress: Chronic stress can suppress the immune function.

• Dream: The lack of sleep can negatively affect immunity.

• Microbia: Intestinal microbia (a set of microorganisms living in the intestines) plays an important role in the development and regulation of the immune system.

1.3. General signs of weakened immunity in children:

Some signs may indicate a weakened immune system in a child:

• Frequent infections (for example, colds, flu, otitis media).
• Severe infections.
• Slow wound healing.
• Chronic fatigue.
• Digestive problems (for example, diarrhea, constipation).
• Allergies.
• Autoimmune diseases.

Section 2: Vitamins and their role in the immune function of children

Vitamins play a vital role in maintaining the health of the immune system. They participate in many immune processes, from the production of immune cells to the fight against infections.

2.1. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid):

Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that protects the cells from damage caused by free radicals. It also plays an important role in the immune function, stimulating the production of leukocytes (white blood cells) that fight infections.

• The mechanism of action: Vitamin C contributes to:

  • Increase the products and activity of leukocytes, including neutrophils and lymphocytes.
  • Increased phagocytosis (process of absorption and destruction of pathogens by phagocytes).
  • Increase in interferon products (protein that has antiviral activity).
  • Protection of immune cells from oxidative stress.
  • Maintaining the integrity of the barrier function of the mucous membranes.

• Sources of vitamin C:

  • Citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, grapefruits).
  • Berries (strawberries, blueberries, raspberries).
  • Kiwi.
  • Bulgarian pepper.
  • Broccoli.
  • Spinach.
  • Tomatoes.

• Dosage for children: The recommended daily dose of vitamin C depends on the age of the child. It is important to consult a doctor or nutritionist to determine the optimal dose. Usually, children aged 1-3 years need 15 mg of vitamin C per day, 4-8 years old-25 mg, 9-13 years old-45 mg.

• Safety: Vitamin C is usually safe in recommended doses. Excessive use can cause stomach disorder, diarrhea and other side effects.

2.2. Vitamin D (calciferol):

Vitamin D plays an important role in the regulation of the immune system. It helps to activate immune cells and regulate inflammatory processes.

• The mechanism of action: Vitamin D promotes:

  • Activations of T-lymphocytes that play a key role in cellular immunity.
  • Increasing products of antimicrobial peptides (proteins that destroy bacteria and viruses).
  • Regulation of inflammatory processes, preventing an excessive inflammatory reaction that can damage the fabric.
  • Maintaining the integrity of the barrier function of the respiratory tract.

• Sources of vitamin D:

  • Sunlight (the skin produces vitamin D under the influence of sunlight).
  • Fat fish (salmon, tuna, mackerel).
  • Egg yolks.
  • Enriched products (milk, juice, flakes).

• Dosage for children: The recommended daily dose of vitamin D for children is 600 IU (international units). Many doctors recommend vitamin D additives, especially in the winter months, when the exposure to sunlight is limited.

• Vitamin D deficiency: Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem, especially in children, and can increase the risk of infections, autoimmune diseases and other health problems.

• Safety: Vitamin D is usually safe in recommended doses. Excessive use can lead to hypercalcemia (an increased level of calcium in the blood), nausea, vomiting and other side effects.

2.3. Vitamin A (Retinol):

Vitamin A plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the mucous membranes, which are the first line of protection against infections. It also supports the function of immune cells.

• The mechanism of action: Vitamin A contributes to:

  • Maintaining the integrity of epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract, intestines and other organs, preventing the penetration of pathogens.
  • Increasing products of immunoglobulin A (Iga), antibodies that protects the mucous membranes from infections.
  • Maintaining the function of T-lymphocytes and b lymphocytes.
  • Regulation of inflammatory processes.

• Sources of vitamin A:

  • Liver.
  • Egg yolks.
  • Dairy products.
  • Orange and yellow fruits and vegetables (carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin).
  • Dark green leafy vegetables (spinach, cabbage).

• Dosage for children: The recommended daily dose of vitamin A depends on the age of the child. It is important to consult a doctor or nutritionist to determine the optimal dose.

• Safety: Vitamin A is usually safe in recommended doses. Excessive use can lead to hypervitaminosis A, which can cause nausea, vomiting, headache and other side effects. Especially carefully should be treated with vitamin A additives, as it can accumulate in the body.

2.4. Vitamin E (Tokoferol):

Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects the cells from damage caused by free radicals. It also supports the function of immune cells.

• The mechanism of action: Vitamin E contributes to:

  • Protection of immune cells from oxidative stress.
  • Increase in antibodies.
  • Strengthening the function of phagocytes.
  • Regulation of inflammatory processes.

• Sources of vitamin E:

  • Vegetable oils (sunflower, olive, almond).
  • Nuts and seeds (almonds, hazelnuts, sunflower seeds).
  • Green sheet vegetables (spinach, broccoli).
  • Avocado.

• Dosage for children: The recommended daily dose of vitamin E depends on the age of the child. It is important to consult a doctor or nutritionist to determine the optimal dose.

• Safety: Vitamin E, as a rule, is safe in recommended doses. Excessive use can cause stomach disorder and other side effects.

2.5. B vitamins B:

B vitamins, such as B6, B12 and folic acid, play an important role in the functioning of the immune system.

• Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin): It is necessary for the production of antibodies and lymphocytes. Vitamin B6 deficiency can weaken the immune response. Sources: meat, fish, poultry, legumes, nuts, whole grain products.
• Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): It is important for the normal functioning of immune cells. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to a decrease in the activity of immune cells. Sources: meat, fish, bird, dairy products, eggs.
• Folic acid (vitamin B9): It is necessary for division and growth of cells, including immune cells. Folic acid deficiency can weaken the immune system. Sources: green leafy vegetables, legumes, citrus fruits, enriched cereals.

Section 3: Minerals and their role in the immune function of children

Minerals, like vitamins, play an important role in maintaining a healthy immune system.

3.1. Zinc:

Zinc is necessary for the development and functioning of immune cells, including lymphocytes and phagocytes. He also participates in the healing of wounds and the fight against infections.

• The mechanism of action: Zinc contributes to:

  • Development and activation of T-lymphocytes and b lymphocytes.
  • Strengthening the function of phagocytes.
  • Regulation of inflammatory processes.
  • Maintaining the integrity of the barrier function of the mucous membranes.

• Sources of zinc:

  • Meat (especially red meat).
  • Seafood (oysters, crabs).
  • Legumes (beans, lentils).
  • Nuts and seeds (pumpkin seeds, cashew).
  • Whole grain products.

• Zinc Deficit: Zinc deficiency can weaken the immune system, increase the risk of infections and slow down the healing of wounds.

• Safety: Zinc is usually safe in recommended doses. Excessive use can cause stomach disorder, nausea, vomiting and other side effects.

3.2. Iron:

Iron is necessary for the transfer of oxygen in the blood and for the functioning of immune cells. Iron deficiency can weaken the immune system.

• The mechanism of action: Iron contributes to:

  • Production and functioning of immune cells.
  • Production of antimicrobials.
  • Regulation of inflammatory processes.

• Iron sources:

  • Red meat.
  • Bird.
  • Fish.
  • Legumes (beans, lentils).
  • Dark green leafy vegetables (spinach).
  • Enriched cereals.

• Iron deficiency: Iron deficiency (iron deficiency anemia) can weaken the immune system, increase the risk of infections and slow down the growth and development of the child.

• Safety: Iron is usually safe in recommended doses. Excessive use can cause stomach disorder, constipation and other side effects. It is important to be careful when taking iron additives, especially in children.

3.3. Selenium:

Selenium is an antioxidant that protects the cells from damage caused by free radicals. It also supports the function of immune cells.

• The mechanism of action: Selenium contributes to:

  • Protection of immune cells from oxidative stress.
  • Increase in antibodies.
  • Strengthening the function of phagocytes.
  • Regulation of inflammatory processes.

• Sources of Selena:

  • Brazilian nuts.
  • Seafood (tuna, cod).
  • Meat.
  • Eggs.
  • Whole grain products.

• Safety: Selenium is usually safe in recommended doses. Excessive use can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and other side effects.

Section 4: Probiotics and prebiotics for children’s immunity

Probiotics and prebiotics play an important role in maintaining a healthy intestinal microbioma, which, in turn, affects the immune system.

4.1. Probiotics:

Probiotics are living microorganisms (bacteria and yeast), which, when used in sufficient quantities, have a beneficial effect on the health of the host. They help maintain the balance of intestinal microflora and strengthen the immune system.

• The mechanism of action: Probiotics:

  • Improve the composition of intestinal microflora.
  • Suppress the growth of harmful bacteria.
  • Stimulate the immune system.
  • Increase antibodies.
  • Strengthen the barrier function of the intestine.

• Sources of probiotics:

  • Yogurt (containing living and active crops).
  • Kefir.
  • Sauerkraut.
  • Kimchi.
  • Misso.
  • Probiotic supplements.

• Choosing probiotics for children: It is important to choose probiotics designed specifically for children and consult a doctor or nutritionist before their use.

4.2. Prebiotics:

Prebiotics are undigested dietary fiber that serve as food for beneficial bacteria in the intestines. They contribute to the growth and activity of probiotics, thereby improving the composition of the intestinal microflora and strengthening the immune system.

• The mechanism of action: Prebiotics:

  • They stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria in the intestines.
  • Improve the composition of intestinal microflora.
  • Strengthen the barrier function of the intestine.
  • Increase the products of short -chain fatty acids (KCHK), which have a beneficial effect on health.

• Sources of prebiotics:

  • Fruits (bananas, apples).
  • Vegetables (onions, garlic, asparagus, artichokes).
  • Whole grain products (oats, barley).
  • Legumes (beans, lentils).

Section 5: Other important factors for strengthening children’s immunity

In addition to vitamins and minerals, there are other important factors that help strengthen children’s immunity.

5.1. Healthy lifestyle:

• Balanced nutrition: Provide the child with a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grain products and low -fat protein.
• Sufficient sleep: Children need enough sleep to maintain a healthy immune system. The recommended amount of sleep depends on the age of the child.
• Physical activity: Regular physical activity strengthens the immune system and helps to fight infections.
• Stress management: Chronic stress can suppress the immune function. Teach your child to cope with stress healthy methods, such as playing sports, meditation or spending time in nature.

5.2. Hygiene:

• Regular hand washing: Teach your child to regularly wash your hands with soap and water, especially after visiting the toilet, before meals and after contact with sick people.
• Avoiding contact with sick people: If possible, avoid contact with sick people.
• Regular cleaning of the house: Maintain the cleanliness in the house to reduce the number of microbes.

5.3. Vaccination:

Vaccination is an effective way to protect children from many dangerous infectious diseases. Follow the recommended vaccination schedule.

5.4. Breast-feeding:

Breastfeeding is the best way to provide the baby with the necessary nutrients and antibodies to strengthen the immune system.

Section 6: Vitamin additives for children: when they are necessary

Although a balanced diet is the best way to get the necessary vitamins and minerals, in some cases, vitamin additives can be useful.

6.1. When should you consider vitamin additives:

• Limited nutrition: If the child adheres to a limited diet, for example, due to allergies, intolerance or vegetarianism, he may need vitamin additives.
• Medical conditions: Some medical conditions can prevent the assimilation of nutrients, which may require taking vitamin additives.
• Nutrient deficiency: If a child has a diagnosis of nutrients, vitamin additives can help replenish this deficiency.
• Winter months: In the winter months, when the exposure to sunlight is limited, children may need additional vitamin D.

6.2. Cautions when using vitamin additives:

• Consultation with a doctor: Before giving a child any vitamin additives, it is necessary to consult a doctor or a nutritionist.
• Dosage compliance: It is important to follow the recommended dosage of vitamin additives. Excessive use can lead to side effects.
• The choice of quality additives: Choose vitamin additives from reliable manufacturers.
• Storage in no access for children: Keep vitamin additives in an inaccessible place for children to prevent accidental poisoning.

Section 7: myths and facts about the vitamins and immunity of children

There are many myths and incorrect ideas about the vitamins and immunity of children. It is important to distinguish between facts and fiction in order to make reasonable decisions on the health of the child.

7.1. Myths:

• Vitamins can prevent all diseases. Vitamins play an important role in maintaining the immune system, but they cannot prevent all diseases.
• The more vitamins, the better. Excessive use of vitamins can be harmful.
• All vitamin additives are equally effective. The quality of vitamin additives can vary greatly.
• Children need vitamin additives all year round. In some cases, vitamin additives can be useful, but not always necessary.

7.2. Facts:

• Vitamins play an important role in the immune function.
• Balanced nutrition is the best way to get the necessary vitamins and minerals.
• In some cases, vitamin additives can be useful.
• Before giving a child any vitamin additives, it is necessary to consult a doctor.

Section 8: Practical tips to strengthen children’s immunity

• Offer a variety of fruits and vegetables: Include a variety of fruits and vegetables of different colors in the child’s diet to provide it with the necessary vitamins and minerals.
• Prepare useful snacks: Offer the child useful snacks such as fruits, vegetables, yogurt or nuts.
• Encourage physical activity: Encourage the child to engage in physical activity at least 60 minutes a day.
• Provide enough sleep: Make sure the child receives enough sleep.
• Teach your child hygiene rules: Teach the child to regularly wash your hands and cover your mouth with coughing and sneezing.
• Visit the doctor regularly: Regularly visit a doctor for preventive examinations and vaccination.

Section 9: Innovation in the study of children’s immunity and vitamins

Modern studies in the field of children’s immunity and the influence of vitamins and minerals on it are promoted by seven -mim steps.

• Studying the role of microbioma: Scientists examine the interaction of the intestinal microbioma and the immune system and the immune system. New probiotics and prebiotics are developed, adapted specifically for children, taking into account the features of their microflora.

• Personalized approaches to vitamin therapy: Diagnostic methods are developing to accurately determine the individual needs of the child for vitamins and minerals, based on the genetic characteristics, lifestyle and health status. This allows you to choose the most effective and safe vitamin support scheme.

• Nanotechnology in the delivery of vitamins: Nanotechnologies are used to create new forms of vitamin preparations that are better absorbed by the body and have greater bioavailability. This is especially important for children with digestive problems or assimilation of nutrients.

• Immunonutrients and immunomodulators: The role of individual nutrients, such as arginine, glutamine and nucleotides, as immunomodulators, is investigated. These substances can have a positive effect on the body’s immune response and are used for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

• Development of new vaccines: Work is constantly underway to create more effective and safe vaccines that can protect children from a wide range of infections. Scientists are developing vaccines based on new technologies, such as MRNC-vaccines and vector vaccines.

Section 10: Final recommendations

Strengthening children’s immunity is a comprehensive process that includes a balanced diet, a healthy lifestyle, compliance with hygiene rules and, if necessary, taking vitamin additives. It is important to remember that each child is unique, and what works for one child may not work for another. Therefore, before making any decisions on the health of the child, you need to consult a doctor or nutritionist.

Remember that vitamins are not a panacea. They are only one of the factors affecting the immune system. It is important to create healthy conditions for growth and development, so that his immune system can effectively fight infections.