Section 1: Bades: review and types
Dietary supplements (biologically active additives) are concentrates of natural or identical biologically active substances that are intended for direct intake or introduction into food products in order to enrich the diet with individual food or biologically active substances and their complexes, as well as to maintain normal and restore the impaired functions of the organism. It is important to understand that dietary supplements are not drugs and are not intended for the treatment of diseases. They act as an addition to the diet.
1.1 Classification of dietary supplements
There are many classifications of dietary supplements based on various criteria. The most common:
- By composition:
- Nutricevtiki: Sources of indispensable food substances (vitamins, minerals, amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids).
- Parafarmetzetics: They have a regulatory effect on the functional activity of organs and systems of the body (plant extracts, beekeeping products, microorganisms).
- Probiotics and prebiotics: They contain living microorganisms (probiotics) or substances that stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial intestinal microflora (prebiotics).
- By the form of release: Tablets, capsules, powders, solutions, syrups, bars, chewing gum.
- By purpose: Bades to maintain immunity, improve digestion, weight loss, increase energy, improve the condition of the skin, hair and nails, etc.
- By origin: Vegetable, animals, mineral, synthetic, microbiological.
1.2 Regulatory regulation of dietary supplements
In the Russian Federation, the turnover of dietary supplements is regulated by Federal Law No. 29-FZ “On the quality and safety of food products” and sanitary-epidemiological rules and standards of SanPiN 2.3.2.1290-03 “Hygienic requirements for the organization of production and turnover of biologically active food additives (BADs).” These documents establish safety requirements, quality, labeling and registration of dietary supplements. Before issuing the market, dietary supplements must undergo state registration confirming their safety and compliance with the established requirements. It is important to pay attention to the availability of a certificate of state registration (SGR) on the package of Bad.
1.3 Popular components of dietary supplements and their estimated benefit
- Vitamin D: Maintaining bone health, immunity, cardiovascular system.
- Vitamin C: Antioxidant protection, immunity support, participation in collagen synthesis.
- Omega-3 fatty acids: Support for the health of the heart, brain, decrease in inflammation.
- Probiotics: Improving digestion, strengthening immunity.
- Magnesium: Support for the nervous system, muscle function, energy metabolism.
- Curcumin: Antioxidant and anti -inflammatory effect.
- Hyaluronic acid: Moisturizing the skin, maintaining joint health.
- Collagen: Support for the health of the skin, hair, nails, joints.
- SOUTINATEA: Support for immunity for colds.
- Ginseng: Improving energy, improving concentration.
1.4 differences between dietary supplements and drugs
The key difference is the purpose of application and the regulation process. Medicines are designed for the treatment, prevention and diagnosis of diseases, strict clinical trials are undergoing and should prove their effectiveness and safety. The dietary supplements, as already noted, serve as an addition to the diet and are not intended for the treatment of diseases. The requirements for clinical tests of dietary supplements are less strict than drugs. Bades do not undergo a pre -sale test of effectiveness, unlike drugs. The labeling of drugs contains information about the indications for use, contraindications, side effects and the method of use, while the marking of dietary supplements focuses on the composition, nutritional value and the recommended dosage. It is important to remember that dietary supplements cannot replace full and balanced diet.
Section 2: side effects of dietary supplements: risk factors and mechanisms
Despite the fact that dietary supplements are positioned as safe additives, they can cause side effects. It is important to understand risk factors and mechanisms underlying these undesirable reactions.
2.1 risk factors for the development of side effects of dietary supplements
- Individual intolerance to dietary supplements: Allergic reactions to individual dieters (plants, dyes, preservatives, etc.). People with famous allergies should carefully study the composition of dietary supplements before use.
- Exceeding the recommended dosage: Even safe substances when used in large quantities can cause undesirable reactions. Compliance with the recommended dosage indicated on the packaging is extremely important.
- Interaction with drugs: Bades can interact with medicines, enhancing or weakening their effect, as well as increasing the risk of side effects. Interactions with anticoagulants, antidepressants, drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and hormonal drugs are especially dangerous. It is necessary to inform the doctor about all the dietary supplements.
- The presence of concomitant diseases: Some dietary supplements can be contraindicated in certain diseases (for example, kidney disease, liver, cardiovascular system, autoimmune diseases). Before using dietary supplements, it is recommended to consult a doctor, especially in the presence of chronic diseases.
- Poor product: Unscrupulous manufacturers can add unwilling substances (drugs, toxic compounds) to dietary supplements, which increases the risk of side effects. Bades should only be purchased in trusted pharmacies and stores licensed for the sale of pharmaceutical products. Pay attention to the availability of quality certificates and certificate of state registration.
- Age: Children, pregnant and lactating women, as well as elderly people are more sensitive to the action of dietary supplements and have an increased risk of side effects. For these categories of the population, a doctor’s consultation is necessary before the use of any dietary supplements.
- Long -term use: The prolonged use of some dietary supplements can lead to the development of undesirable effects, such as metabolic disorders, intestinal dysbiosis, and a decrease in their own production of certain substances by the body. It is recommended to comply with the recommended duration of dietary supplement.
2.2 mechanisms for the development of side effects
- Toxic effects: Some components of dietary supplements can have a toxic effect on organs and tissues, especially when consumed in large doses. For example, an overdose of vitamin A can cause damage to the liver, and an overdose of iron – poisoning.
- Allergic reactions: The immune system can respond to dietary supplements as foreign substances, causing allergic reactions (skin rash, itching, quinca edema, anaphylactic shock).
- Violation of metabolism: Some dietary supplements can affect metabolic processes in the body, disrupting the hormonal balance, metabolism and the function of enzymes. For example, some dietary supplements for weight loss contain substances that accelerate metabolism, which can lead to depletion of the body and the development of cardiovascular diseases.
- Influence on the function of organs and systems: Some dietary supplements can influence the function of certain organs and systems, causing undesirable effects. For example, dietary supplements with a diuretic effect can lead to dehydration and impaired electrolyte balance, and dietary supplements with a laxative effect – to diarrhea and dehydration.
- Intestinal dysbiosis: Some dietary supplements, especially antibacterial and antifungal, can disrupt the balance of intestinal microflora, leading to dysbiosis. Dysbiosis is manifested by bloating, diarrhea or constipation, abdominal pain and other unpleasant symptoms.
- Inhibiting the absorption of other substances: Some dietary supplements can interfere with the absorption of other nutrients, leading to their deficiency. For example, calcium preparations can worsen iron absorption.
2.3 The most common side effects of various groups of dietary supplements
- Vitamins:
- Vitamin A: Nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, dry skin, hair loss, liver damage (with an overdose).
- Vitamin D: Nausea, vomiting, weakness, constipation, increasing the level of calcium in the blood (with an overdose).
- Vitamin C: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, heartburn (when using large doses).
- B vitamins B: Allergic reactions, nausea, headache.
- Minerals:
- Iron: Constipation, nausea, abdominal pain, darkening of the chair.
- Calcium: Constipation, kidney stones (with an overdose).
- Magnesium: Diarrhea, nausea, weakness.
- Zinc: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain.
- Plant dietary supplements:
- SOUTINATEA: Allergic reactions, nausea, headache.
- Ginseng: Insomnia, an increase in blood pressure, nervousness.
- St. John’s wort: Increasing sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitization), interaction with drugs.
- Ginkgo biloba: Bleeding, headache, dizziness.
- Probiotics: Bloating, flatulence (usually pass on their own after a few days).
- Dietary diets for weight loss: Tachycardia, increased blood pressure, insomnia, nervousness, diarrhea, lock, dehydration.
Section 3: How to minimize risks and avoid the negative consequences of dietary supplements
In order to get maximum benefits from dietary supplements and avoid undesirable consequences, certain rules and recommendations must be followed.
3.1 Consultation with a doctor
Before taking any dietary supplement, you need to consult a doctor, especially if you have any chronic diseases, you take drugs, pregnant or breastfeed. The doctor will be able to evaluate your individual situation, determine the appropriateness of dietary supplements and choose the right drug, taking into account your needs and characteristics of the body. The doctor will also be able to identify possible contraindications and interactions with drugs.
3.2 study of the composition and marking of dietary supplements
Carefully study the composition of the dietary supplement before buying. Pay attention to the presence of ingredients that you may have an allergy. Check the availability of state registration certificate (SGR) on the package, which confirms that the dietary supplement has passed the necessary security checks. Study information about the manufacturer, shelf life and storage conditions. Pay attention to the warnings and contraindications indicated on the packaging. If you have any doubts, it is better to refrain from buying dietary supplements.
3.3 compliance with the recommended dosage and duration of admission
Strictly observe the recommended dosage indicated on the Bad packaging. Do not exceed the dosage, even if it seems to you that this will enhance the effect. An overdose can lead to the development of side effects. Follow the recommended duration of dietary supplement. Long -term use of some dietary supplements can lead to the development of undesirable effects. If after the start of taking Bad you notice any side effects, stop taking and consult a doctor.
3.4 buying dietary supplements only in proven places
Put dietary supplements only in trusted pharmacies and stores licensed for the sale of pharmaceutical products. Do not buy dietary sellers dietary supplements or through Internet sites that have no license. Fake dietary supplements may contain un -given substances or be ineffective, which can harm your health.
3.5 interaction of dietary supplements with drugs and other dietary supplements
Report the doctor about all the drugs you take and dietary supplements. Bades can interact with medicines, enhancing or weakening their effect, as well as increasing the risk of side effects. Do not take several dietary supplements at the same time without consulting a doctor. The combination of several dietary supplements can strengthen their action or cause undesirable interactions.
3.6 Special warnings for certain population groups
- Pregnant and lactating women: The intake of dietary supplements during pregnancy and breastfeeding should be carried out only as prescribed by a doctor. Some dietary supplements can be dangerous for the fetus or child.
- Children: The intake of dietary supplements by children should be carried out only as prescribed by a doctor. Some dietary supplements can be contraindicated in children or require dosage adjustments.
- Elderly people: Older people are more sensitive to the action of dietary supplements and have an increased risk of side effects. Before using dietary supplements, it is recommended to consult a doctor.
- People with chronic diseases: Reception of dietary supplements in the presence of chronic diseases should be carried out only as prescribed by a doctor. Some dietary supplements can be contraindicated in certain diseases or interact with drugs used to treat these diseases.
3.7 alternative approaches to improvement
Before you start taking dietary supplements, think about alternative approaches to improving health, such as balanced nutrition, regular physical exercises, healthy sleep and stress management. Proper nutrition can provide the body with all the necessary vitamins and minerals. Physical exercises strengthen health and increase immunity. Healthy sleep is important for restoring the body. Stress management helps reduce the risk of diseases. Bades should be considered as an addition to a healthy lifestyle, and not as its replacement.
3.8 Side effects message
If you notice any side effects after the start of the dietary supplement, stop taking it and consult a doctor. Report the side effect to the Federal Service for Supervision in the field of healthcare (Roszdravnadzor). Information about side effects helps to identify unsafe dietary supplements and improve their quality.
Section 4: Analysis of specific cases and disputed dietary supplements
Consider several specific cases associated with the side effects of dietary supplements, and discuss controversial dietary supplements that cause issues in terms of efficiency and safety.
4.1 Cases from practice: examples of side effects
- Example 1: A woman who took a diet of weight loss containing sibuturine (forbidden substance) has addressed a doctor with complaints of tachycardia, an increase in blood pressure and insomnia. After the cessation of the intake of Bad, the patient’s condition improved. This case emphasizes the danger of acquiring dietary supplements from unverified sellers and the need for careful study of the composition.
- Example 2: A man who took a dietary supplement with a high vitamin D content without a doctor’s prescription appealed to nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Analyzes showed an increased level of calcium in the blood. After the cancellation of the Bad, the patient’s condition was normalized. This case demonstrates the importance of compliance with the recommended dosage and consultation with the doctor.
- Example 3: A woman who took a dietary supplement with Echinacea to strengthen immunity turned to a doctor with complaints of a skin rash and itching. The doctor diagnosed an allergic reaction to echinacea. This case emphasizes the importance of identifying possible allergies before the use of dietary supplements.
4.2 controversial dietary supplements and ingredients: efficiency in question
There are dietary supplements whose effectiveness is not proven by scientific research or is in doubt. Some dietary supplements can be potentially dangerous or cause side effects.
- Bad for “cleansing the body”: Often contain laxative and diuretic components that can lead to dehydration and violation of the electrolyte balance. There is no scientific evidence confirming the need to “cleanse the body” using dietary supplements.
- Bades for “improving memory and concentration”: Many of these dietary supplements contain plant extracts, the effectiveness of which has not been proven. Improving memory and concentration is achieved using proper nutrition, physical exercises and sufficient sleep.
- Bad for “breast augmentation”: There are no dietary supplements that could safely and effectively increase breast size. Most of these dietary supplements contain hormones or plant components with an estrogen effect that can cause hormonal disorders and increase the risk of breast cancer.
- Colloidal silver: It does not have proven effectiveness and can accumulate in the body, causing an irreversible change in skin color (Argiria).
- DMAA (dimethylamilamin): A stimulator prohibited in many countries due to the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Often added to dietary supplements for weight loss and sports nutrition.
4.3 The role of regulatory authorities and quality control
The role of regulatory authorities (for example, Roszdravnadzor in Russia) consists in quality control and safety of dietary supplements, conducting inspections of production enterprises, monitoring side effects and taking measures regarding unscrupulous manufacturers. However, quality control control is less strict than the quality control of drugs. It is important that consumers are informed about the risks associated with the use of dietary supplements and make conscious decisions.
4.4 Information of consumers and increasing literacy in health matters
It is necessary to increase the literacy of the population in health matters and inform consumers about the risks and advantages of the use of dietary supplements. Consumers should know how to choose the right dietary supplement, how to observe the recommended dosage and duration of admission, and when to consult a doctor. It is important to critical of advertising of dietary supplements and not believe the promises of an instant cure for all diseases. Reliable information about dietary supplements can be obtained from doctors, pharmacists and other medical workers.
Section 5: Practical recommendations on the safe reception of dietary supplements
In conclusion, we give practical recommendations that will help you safely accept dietary supplements and minimize the risk of negative consequences.
- Always consult a doctor before taking any dietary supplement.
- Carefully study the composition and labeling of dietary supplements.
- Buy dietary supplements only in trusted pharmacies and stores.
- Strictly observe the recommended dosage and duration of the reception.
- Report the doctor about all the drugs you take and dietary supplements.
- Be especially careful when taking dietary supplements during pregnancy, breastfeeding, in childhood and old age, as well as in the presence of chronic diseases.
- If side effects appear, stop taking the dietary supplement and consult a doctor.
- Do not believe the promises of an instant cure for all diseases with the help of dietary supplements.
- Consider dietary supplements as an addition to a healthy lifestyle, and not as its replacement.
- Pay attention to a balanced diet, regular physical exercises, healthy sleep and stress management.
- Critically treat dietary supplements.
- Get reliable information about dietary supplements from doctors, pharmacists and other medical workers.
- Report side effects to the Federal Service for Supervision of Health (Roszdravnadzor).
Following these recommendations, you can benefit from dietary supplements and avoid undesirable consequences for your health. Remember that dietary supplements are not a magical remedy for all diseases, but only an addition to a healthy lifestyle. Be attentive to your health and make conscious decisions on the use of dietary supplements.