Prevention of cardiovascular diseases

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Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: the path to a healthy heart

Section 1: Understanding of cardiovascular diseases (SSZ)

  1. Epidemiology and global burden of the SSZ:

    • Cardiovascular diseases (SVD) are a leading cause of mortality around the world, ahead of infectious diseases and oncology.
    • The World Health Organization (WHO) evaluates that the SSZ annually takes millions of lives, having significant economic and social influence on countries.
    • Statistics in Russia: Annually, a significant part of the population of working age is dying from the SVD, which jeopardizes a demographic situation.
    • Geographical features: The prevalence of the CVD varies depending on the region, which is associated with the differences in the lifestyle, nutrition and accessibility of medical care.
    • Socio-economic factors: income level, education and access to medical services have a significant impact on the risk of the development of SVD.
    • Forecasting: Further growth in the incidence of SVD is predicted in connection with an increase in life expectancy and the spread of risk factors.

  2. Types of cardiovascular disease:

    • Corny heart (coronary heart disease):
      • Reasons: narrowing of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerotic plaques, leading to insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle.
      • Manifestations: angina pectoris (chest pain), myocardial infarction (heart attack), heart failure.
      • Diagnostics: Electrocardiography (ECG), Echocardiography (Echoc), Coronary.
    • Stroke:
      • Reasons: violation of the blood supply to the brain, leading to damage to nerve cells.
      • Types: ischemic stroke (blockage of the vessel), hemorrhagic stroke (brain hemorrhage).
      • Manifestations: weakness or paralysis of one side of the body, violation of speech, vision, coordination.
      • Diagnostics: computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain.
    • Heart failure:
      • Reasons: heart inability to effectively pump blood, providing tissues and organs with oxygen and nutrients.
      • Manifestations: shortness of breath, swelling of the legs, fatigue.
      • Diagnostics: echocardiography, blood test on BNP (cerebral sodium peptide).
    • Arrhythmias:
      • Reasons: violation of heart rhythm.
      • Types: atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia.
      • Manifestations: rapid heartbeat, dizziness, fainting.
      • Diagnosis: ECG, Holter monitoring (daily ECG monitoring).
    • Diseases of the peripheral arteries:
      • Causes: narrowing of arteries supplying the limbs, most often legs.
      • Manifestations: Pain in the legs when walking (interspersental lameness), ulcers on the legs.
      • Diagnostics: ultrasound dopplerography of the vessels of the lower extremities.
    • Congenital heart defects:
      • Reasons: anomalies of heart development that occur during pregnancy.
      • Manifestations: vary depending on the type of vice.
      • Diagnostics: EchoKG.
    • Rheumatic heart disease:
      • Reasons: complication of rheumatic fever, leading to the defeat of the heart valves.
      • Manifestations: shortness of breath, fatigue, heart pain.
      • Diagnostics: EchoKG.

  3. Risk factors for the development of SVD:

    • Modified risk factors:
      • High blood pressure (hypertension):
        • Mechanism: increased pressure damages the walls of arteries, contributing to the development of atherosclerosis.
        • Control: regular measurement of blood pressure, change in lifestyle (diet, physical activity), drug therapy.
      • High blood cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia):
        • Mechanism: an excess of cholesterol is laid on the walls of the arteries, forming atherosclerotic plaques.
        • Control: a low content of saturated fats and cholesterol, physical activity, drug therapy (statins).
      • Smoking:
        • Mechanism: nicotine and other chemicals contained in tobacco smoke damage the walls of arteries, increase blood coagulation and reduce the level of “good” cholesterol (HDL).
        • Control: full refusal of smoking.
      • Diabetes sugar:
        • Mechanism: High blood sugar damages the walls of arteries, contributing to the development of atherosclerosis.
        • Control: control of blood sugar with a diet, physical activity and drug therapy.
      • Obesity:
        • Mechanism: overweight increases the load on the heart, increases blood pressure and cholesterol, and promotes the development of diabetes.
        • Control: weight loss with a diet and physical activity.
      • Insufficient physical activity (hypodynamia):
        • Mechanism: reduces the level of “good” cholesterol, increases blood pressure and promotes the development of obesity.
        • Control: regular physical exercises.
      • Inal meals:
        • Mechanism: an excess of saturated fats, cholesterol, salt and sugar contributes to the development of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity and diabetes.
        • Control: healthy diet with low saturated fats, cholesterol, salt and sugar, rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
      • Excessive drinking:
        • Mechanism: increases blood pressure, promotes the development of arrhythmias and heart failure.
        • Control: restriction of alcohol use or complete rejection of it.
      • Stress:
        • Mechanism: chronic stress increases blood pressure and cholesterol, promotes the development of arrhythmias.
        • Control: Stress management using relaxation techniques, meditation, physical exercises and psychotherapy.
    • Unmodified risk factors:
      • Age: The risk of the SPA increases with age.
      • Floor: Men, as a rule, are at a higher risk of SVD than women before menopause.
      • Family history (genetic predisposition): The presence of SVD in close relatives increases the risk of developing these diseases.
      • Race/ethnicity: Some races and ethnic groups have a higher risk of CVD.

Section 2: Primary SSZ prevention: Fundamentals of a healthy lifestyle

  1. Healthy nutrition:

    • Principles of a healthy diet for the prevention of SSZ:
      • Limiting the consumption of saturated fats and trans fats: Contained in fatty meat, dairy products of high fat content, fried foods, baking and processed foods.
      • Increased consumption of unsaturated fats: Contained in vegetable oils (olive, sunflower, linseed), avocados, nuts and fish.
      • Cholesterol consumption restriction: Contained in eggs (especially in yolks), red meat and dairy products of high fat content.
      • Increase in fiber consumption: Contained in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes.
      • Restriction of salt consumption (sodium): Contained in processed foods, canned foods and fast food.
      • Restriction of consumption of added sugar: Contained in sweet drinks, sweets and baking.
      • Increase in potassium consumption: Contained in fruits and vegetables (bananas, oranges, potatoes).
    • Recommended products:
      • Fruits and vegetables: At least 5 servings per day.
      • Whole grains: Whole grain bread, oatmeal, brown rice.
      • Fish: Especially fatty varieties (salmon, mackerel, sardines) 2-3 times a week.
      • Nuts and seeds: In moderate quantities (no more than 30 grams per day).
      • Legumes: Beans, peas, lentils.
      • Olive oil: As the main source of fat.
    • Products that should be avoided or consumed in limited quantities:
      • Fatty meat: Beef, pork, lamb.
      • High fat dairy products: Whole milk, cheese, butter.
      • Frying products: Free potatoes, chips.
      • Baking: Cakes, cakes, cookies.
      • Processed foods: Sausages, sausages, canned food, fast food.
      • Sweet drinks: Carbonated drinks, juices.

  2. Regular physical activity:

    • Recommendations on physical activity for the prevention of SSZ:
      • At least 150 minutes of moderate intensity of aerobic activity per week (for example, fast walking, swimming, cycling) or 75 minutes of high aerobic activity per week (for example, running, aerobics).
      • Additional advantages can be obtained by increasing the duration of physical activity.
      • It is recommended to combine aerobic exercises with strength training at least twice a week.
    • Examples of physical exercises suitable for the prevention of SVD:
      • Walking: A simple and affordable type of physical activity.
      • Running: An effective way to strengthen the cardiovascular system.
      • Swimming: Suitable for people with joint problems.
      • Cycling: Strengthens legs and cardiovascular system.
      • Dancing: A fun and effective way to improve physical shape.
      • Power training: Strengthen muscles and bones.
    • Tips for the beginning and maintenance of regular physical activity:
      • Start small and gradually increase the intensity and duration of training.
      • Choose a type of physical activity that you like.
      • Train regularly and make physical activity part of your daily life.
      • Join the sports section or find a partner for training.
      • Consult a doctor before starting new training, especially if you have any diseases.

  3. Refusal of smoking:

    • The effect of smoking on the cardiovascular system:
      • Damages the walls of arteries.
      • Increases blood coagulation.
      • Reduces the level of “good” cholesterol (HDL).
      • Increases the risk of hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, stroke and diseases of the peripheral arteries.
    • Tips for rejection of smoking:
      • Make a firm decision to quit smoking.
      • Seek a doctor or psychologist for help.
      • Use nicotin -replacement therapy (plasters, chewing gums, candies).
      • Avoid situations that provoke smoking.
      • Replace smoking with other activities (for example, physical exercises, hobbies).
      • Seek support for friends and relatives.
    • The benefits of smoking for the cardiovascular system:
      • Reducing the risk of CVD development.
      • Improving the function of the lungs.
      • Reducing the risk of cancer development.
      • Increase in life expectancy.

  4. Maintaining a healthy weight:

    • Determination of healthy weight:
      • Body weight (BMI): is calculated by the weight formula (kg) / height (m) ².
      • Normal BMI: 18.5-24.9 kg/m².
      • Excess weight: 25-29.9 kg/m².
      • Obesity: 30 kg/m² and above.
      • The waist circumference:
        • For men: less than 94 cm.
        • For women: less than 80 cm.
    • Methods of maintaining a healthy weight:
      • Healthy diet.
      • Regular physical activity.
      • Alcohol consumption restriction.
      • Stress management.
    • Risk of obesity for the cardiovascular system:
      • Increases blood pressure.
      • Increases cholesterol.
      • Promotes the development of diabetes.
      • Increases the load on the heart.
      • Increases the risk of IBS, stroke and heart failure.

  5. Alcohol use restriction:

    • The effect of alcohol on the cardiovascular system:
      • Increases blood pressure.
      • Promotes the development of arrhythmias.
      • Promotes the development of heart failure.
      • Increases the level of triglycerides in the blood.
    • Recommendations for alcohol use:
      • For men: no more than 2 servings of alcohol per day.
      • For women: no more than 1 portion of alcohol per day.
      • One portion of alcohol corresponds to:
        • 350 ml of beer.
        • 150 ml of wine.
        • 45 ml of strong alcohol.
    • Who should avoid alcohol use:
      • People with high blood pressure.
      • People with arrhythmias.
      • People with heart failure.
      • Pregnant women.
      • People taking certain drugs.

  6. Stress management:

    • The effect of stress on the cardiovascular system:
      • Increases blood pressure.
      • Increases cholesterol.
      • Promotes the development of arrhythmias.
      • Promotes the development of coronary heart disease.
    • Stress management methods:
      • Relaxation techniques (meditation, yoga, breathing exercises).
      • Exercise.
      • Hobbies.
      • Spending time with friends and family.
      • Psychotherapy.
    • The importance of social support:
      • Social support helps to cope with stress and reduces the risk of SSZ.

Section 3: Secondary Prevention of the SSZ: Prevention of the progression of the disease

  1. Drug therapy:

    • Antihypertensive drugs:
      • Diuretics: reduce the volume of fluid in the body, reducing blood pressure.
      • Beta blockers: reduce heart rate and blood pressure.
      • ACE inhibitors: expand blood vessels, reducing blood pressure.
      • Angiotensin II receptor blockers are similar to ACE inhibitors.
      • Calcium channel blockers: expand blood vessels and reduce heart rate.
    • Hypolipidemic drugs:
      • Statins: reduce the level of “bad” cholesterol (LDL).
      • Fibrates: reduce the level of triglycerides and increase the level of “good” cholesterol (HDL).
      • Nicotinic acid: reduces the level of “poor” cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides, increases the level of “good” cholesterol (HDL).
      • Sequestrants of bile acids: reduce the level of “bad” cholesterol (LDL).
    • Anti -agents (antitromobocytic drugs):
      • Aspirin: prevents blood clots.
      • Clopidogrel: prevents blood clots.
    • Anticoagulants:
      • Varfarin: prevents the formation of blood clots.
      • New oral anticoagulants (PLA): Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixban, Edoxaban.
    • Other drugs:
      • Beta blockers: used to treat angina pectoris, arrhythmias and heart failure.
      • ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are used to treat heart failure and hypertension.
      • Digoxin: used to treat heart failure and arrhythmias.

  2. Rehabilitation after cardiovascular events:

    • Cardial rehabilitation goals:
      • Improving the physical form.
      • Reducing the risk of repeated cardiovascular events.
      • Improving the quality of life.
      • Risk factors management.
    • Components of heart rehabilitation:
      • Exercise.
      • Education on a healthy lifestyle.
      • Psychological support.
      • Medication management.
    • Heart rehabilitation programs:
      • Stationary programs.
      • Outpatient programs.
      • Home programs.

  3. Surgical interventions:

    • Coronary shunting:
      • Operation to create a bypass path for blood around blocked coronary arteries.
    • Angioplasty and stenting:
      • Operation to expand the narrowed coronary arteries using a cylinder and installation of a stent.
    • Replacing heart valves:
      • Operation to replace damaged heart valves.
    • Heart transplantation:
      • Operation to replace the damaged heart with a donor heart.

  4. Regular monitoring and examinations:

    • Measurement of blood pressure:
      • Regularly measure blood pressure at home and at the doctor.
      • Support blood pressure within the norm (less than 140/90 mm Hg).
    • Blood test for cholesterol:
      • Pass the blood test for cholesterol (LDL, HDL, triglycerides).
      • Support cholesterol within normal limits.
    • Electrocardodiography (ECG):
      • Regularly make an ECG to identify arrhythmias and other heart problems.
    • Echocardiography (EchoCG):
      • Regularly make an echocardiocarity to evaluate the function of the heart.
    • Other examinations:
      • Stress test.
      • Coronarography.
      • Computed tomography (CT) of the heart.
      • Magnetic resonance tomography (MRI) of the heart.

Section 4: SSZ prevention in special population groups

  1. SSZ prevention in women:

    • Features of the female cardiovascular system:
      • Before menopause, women have a lower risk of CVD development than men.
      • After menopause, the risk of SVD in women increases.
      • Women often have atypical IBS symptoms.
    • Risk factors of the SPZ specific for women:
      • Pregnancy (gestational diabetes, preeclampsia).
      • Early menopause.
      • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCU).
      • Reception of oral contraceptives.
    • Recommendations for the prevention of SSZ in women:
      • Healthy diet.
      • Regular physical activity.
      • Refusal of smoking.
      • Maintaining a healthy weight.
      • Control of blood pressure and cholesterol.
      • Regular examinations by the doctor.

  2. SSZ prevention in men:

    • Features of the male cardiovascular system:
      • Men have a higher risk of CVD development than women before menopause.
      • Men often have typical IBS symptoms.
    • Risk factors of the SPZ specific for men:
      • High level of testosterone.
      • Erectile dysfunction.
    • Recommendations for the prevention of SSZ in men:
      • Healthy diet.
      • Regular physical activity.
      • Refusal of smoking.
      • Maintaining a healthy weight.
      • Control of blood pressure and cholesterol.
      • Regular examinations by the doctor.

  3. Prevention of SSZ in the elderly:

    • Features of the cardiovascular system in old age:
      • Reducing the elasticity of the arteries.
      • Increasing the rigidity of the heart muscle.
      • Reducing the function of the kidneys.
    • Risk factors of the SVD, specific for the elderly:
      • Age.
      • Chronic diseases (diabetes mellitus, renal failure).
      • Taking several drugs (polypragmasis).
      • Reduction in physical activity.
    • Recommendations for the prevention of SSZ in elderly people:
      • Healthy diet.
      • Regular physical activity (taking into account physical capabilities).
      • Control of blood pressure and cholesterol.
      • Regular examinations by the doctor.
      • Prevention of falls.
      • Social activity.

  4. SSZ prevention in children and adolescents:

    • The importance of the prevention of SVD in childhood:
      • The formation of healthy habits from childhood reduces the risk of CVD development in the future.
      • Atherosclerosis can begin in childhood.
    • Risk factors of SVD in children and adolescents:
      • Obesity.
      • Improper nutrition.
      • Insufficient physical activity.
      • Family history of SSZ.
      • Smoking (including passive).
    • Recommendations for the prevention of SSZ in children and adolescents:
      • Healthy diet.
      • Regular physical activity.
      • Maintaining a healthy weight.
      • Refusal of smoking.
      • Regular examinations by the doctor.
      • Teaching children and adolescents to a healthy lifestyle.

  5. SSZ prevention in patients with diabetes:

    • The effect of diabetes on the cardiovascular system:
      • Diabetes mellitus significantly increases the risk of CVD.
      • Diabetes sugar accelerates the development of atherosclerosis.
      • Patients with diabetes often have concomitant risk factors of SVD (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity).
    • Recommendations for the prevention of SVD in patients with diabetes:
      • Strict control of blood sugar.
      • Healthy diet.
      • Regular physical activity.
      • Refusal of smoking.
      • Maintaining a healthy weight.
      • Control of blood pressure and cholesterol.
      • Regular examinations by the doctor.
      • Taking drugs that reduce the risk of the development of SVD (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, statins).

Section 5: Current trends and innovations in the prevention of SSZ

  1. Personalized medicine:

    • Genomic research: Identification of genetic risk factors for the development of SVD.
    • Pharmacogenomy: The selection of drugs, taking into account the genetic characteristics of the patient.
    • Development of individual programs for the prevention and treatment of CVD.

  2. Telemedicine and mobile applications:

    • Remote monitoring: Tracking blood pressure, pulse and other health indicators.
    • Consultations with a doctor online.
    • Mobile applications to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

  3. New drugs and treatment methods:

    • PCSK9 inhibitors: Reduce the level of “bad” cholesterol (LDL) in patients with high risk of CVD.
    • New anticoagulants (PLA): Safe and more effective than warfarin.
    • Miniyinvasive surgical methods: Less traumatic operations on the heart and vessels.

  4. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning:

    • Prediction of the risk of development of SVD.
    • Analysis of large data to identify new risk factors and develop effective methods of prevention and treatment.
    • Help in the diagnosis and treatment of SVD.

Section 6: The role of society and the state in the prevention of the CVD

  1. Educational programs:

    • Increased public awareness of risk factors and methods of SSZ prevention.
    • Learning a healthy lifestyle.
    • Conducting information campaigns in the media.

  2. Creating a favorable environment for a healthy lifestyle:

    • Ensuring the availability of healthy diet.
    • Creating conditions for physical activity (bicycle paths, sports grounds, parks).
    • Restriction of advertising tobacco and alcohol.
    • Supporting programs to combat smoking and alcoholism.

  3. Availability of medical care:

    • Ensuring the availability of primary health care.
    • Regular preventive examinations.
    • Timely diagnosis and treatment of SSZ.
    • Ensuring the availability of modern drugs and treatment methods.

  4. Legislative measures:

    • Laws aimed at limiting smoking in public places.
    • Laws aimed at regulating advertising and sales of tobacco products and alcohol.
    • Laws aimed at ensuring food safety.

Section 7: Practical tips and recommendations for a healthy heart

  1. Start today! Do not put off your heart care for later.
  2. Make small changes to your lifestyle gradually. Do not try to change everything at once.
  3. Make a healthy lifestyle part of your daily life.
  4. Consult a doctor if you have any risk factors of the SSZ.
  5. Preventive examinations regularly.
  6. Listen to your body and pay attention to any symptoms that can indicate heart problems.
  7. Feel free to seek help from a doctor or psychologist, if you need it.
  8. Stay motivated and do not give up!
  9. Remember that a healthy heart is the key to a long and happy life!

Section 8: Future of SSZ prevention

  1. The development of technology and innovation will make the prevention of the SSZ more efficient and personalized.
  2. Doctors will be able to predict the risk of developing SVD in each patient and develop individual programs for prevention and treatment.
  3. Patients will actively participate in their health management with telemedicine and mobile applications.
  4. Society and the state will play a more active role in creating a favorable environment for a healthy lifestyle.
  5. We will be able to significantly reduce the incidence and mortality from the CVD and provide people with a longer and healthy life.

This detailed article provides a comprehensive overview of cardiovascular disease prevention, covering a wide range of topics from risk factors and healthy lifestyle choices to medical interventions and future trends. Remember to consult with your doctor for personalized advice and treatment.

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