Prevention and Health: 50% success in preventing diseases

Prevention and Health: 50% success in preventing diseases

Section 1: fundamental principles of prevention

1. Determination of prevention: Prevention, in the context of health, is a set of measures aimed at preventing the onset of diseases, reducing their prevalence, mitigating their course and reducing the risk of complications. This is an active process that requires the conscious participation of the individual and the support of society.

2. Prevention levels:

   • Primary prevention: Aims at preventing the occurrence of diseases by eliminating or reducing the effects of risk factors. Examples include vaccination, propaganda of a healthy lifestyle, ensuring a safe environment and controlling environmental pollution.
   • Secondary prevention: It is aimed at early detection and treatment of diseases in the early stages, when they can still be cured or controlled. Examples include screening programs (for example, mammography, colonoscopy), regular medical examinations and self -examination.
   • Treetic prevention: It is aimed at reducing complications, disability and mortality in patients already suffering from diseases. Examples include rehabilitation programs, treatment of chronic diseases and palliative assistance.

3. The value of prevention: Prevention is of tremendous importance for improving the health of the population and reducing the burden of diseases. It allows:

   • Prevent the development of diseases and related suffering.
   • Increase life expectancy and improve its quality.
   • Reduce health care costs associated with the treatment of diseases.
   • Increase labor productivity and economic well -being of society.

4. Social determinants of health: The individual’s health is determined not only by genetic factors and personal choice, but also by social determinants, such as:

   • The level of income and education.
   • Working conditions and employment.
   • Access to medical services.
   • Social support and inclusion.
   • Physical habitat (for example, air and water quality).
   • Safety and access to healthy foods. Address interventions taking into account these factors are critical for effective prevention.

5. Models of health behavior: Understanding the motivation and factors affecting human behavior in relation to health is necessary for the development of effective preventive strategies. Examples include:

   • Model of beliefs regarding health: It suggests that people are more likely to take preventive measures if they believe in their susceptibility to the disease, the seriousness of the disease, the benefits of preventive measures and the lack of significant barriers to their implementation.
   • Theory of social cognitiveism: He emphasizes the role of self -efficiency (faith in their ability to successfully perform an action), social norms and observation of others in the formation of behavior in the field of health.
   • Transteoretical model (stages of changes): Describes the process of changing behavior as passing in a few stages: foresight, reflection, preparation, action, maintenance and completion. Prevention programs should take into account the stage of readiness of the individual for change.

Section 2: Prevention of cardiovascular diseases

1. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases: Risk factors include:

   • Improved: Age, gender, heredity.
   • Changed: High blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, insufficient physical activity, unhealthy nutrition, stress.

2. Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases:

   • Healthy nutrition: Limiting the consumption of saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, salt and sugar. Increasing the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grain products and fish.
   • Regular physical activity: At least 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes of intensive aerobic activity per week are recommended.
   • Maintaining a healthy weight: The body mass index (BMI) in the range of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2.
   • Refusal of smoking: Smoking is one of the most significant risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.
   • Moderate alcohol consumption: If alcohol consumption takes place, it should be limited to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men.
   • Stress management: The use of relaxation, meditation, yoga or other strategies to reduce stress.

3. Secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases:

   • Regular monitoring of blood pressure: Maintaining blood pressure within the target values, usually below 130/80 mm Hg. Art.
   • Cholesterol level monitoring: Maintaining the level of LDL cholesterol (low density lipoproteins) within the limits of target values, depending on individual risk.
   • Taking drugs: The use of drugs to reduce blood pressure, cholesterol and prevent blood clots, if necessary.
   • Rehabilitation after heart events: Participation in cardiac rehabilitation programs to restore physical shape and improve the quality of life after myocardial infarction, stroke or other cardiovascular events.

4. Screening for cardiovascular diseases:

   • Measurement of blood pressure: It is recommended to regularly measure blood pressure, starting from the age of 18 years.
   • Blood test for cholesterol: It is recommended to check the cholesterol level, starting from the age of 20 years, and repeat the analysis every 4-6 years, or more often, in the presence of risk factors.
   • Electrocardiogram (ECG): It can be recommended in the presence of symptoms or risk factors.

5. Stroke prevention: Strategies for the prevention of strokes are similar to strategies for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, with a special emphasis on control of arterial pressure and treatment of atrial fibrillation.

Section 3: Cancer Prevention

1. Cancer risk factors: Cancer risk factors are diverse and include:

   • Genetic factors: Heredity can play a role in the development of some types of cancer.
   • Environmental factors: The effect of carcinogens (for example, asbestos, benzene, ultraviolet radiation).
   • Life: Smoking, unhealthy nutrition, insufficient physical activity, alcohol abuse.
   • Infections: Some viruses (for example, human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B and C) virus and bacteria (for example, Helicobacter pylori) can increase the risk of cancer.
   • Age: The risk of cancer is increased with age.

2. Primary cancer prevention:

   • Refusal of smoking: Smoking is the cause of many types of cancer, including lung cancer, larynx, esophagus, bladder and pancreas.
   • Healthy nutrition: Increased consumption of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limiting the consumption of red and processed meat, sugar and processed foods.
   • Regular physical activity: At least 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes of intensive aerobic activity per week are recommended.
   • Maintaining a healthy weight: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing several types of cancer.
   • Vaccination: Vaccination against HPV can prevent cancer of the cervix, anal canal, oral cavity and throat. Hepatitis B vaccination can prevent liver cancer.
   • Ultraviolet radiation protection: The use of sunscreen, wearing protective clothing and avoiding stay in the sun in peak hours.
   • Alcohol consumption restriction: Alcohol abuse is associated with an increased risk of developing several types of cancer.
   • Avoiding exposure to carcinogens: Minimization of the effects of asbestos, benzene and other carcinogenic substances.

3. Secondary cancer prevention:

   • Breast cancer screening: Mammography is recommended for women over 40-50 years old. The self -examination of the mammary gland can also be useful.
   • Frequency of cervical cancer: The papa test and HPV test are recommended for women, starting from the age of 21 years.
   • Colorectal cancer screening: Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy or a hidden blood test in feces is recommended for people over 45-50 years old.
   • Light cancer screening: It can be recommended to people with high risk (for example, avid smokers).
   • Self -examination of the skin: Regular inspection of the skin for new moles or changes in existing moles.

4. Genetic counseling and testing: It can be recommended to people with the family history of cancer to assess risk and decision -making on preventive measures (for example, preventive mastectomy or ovarioctomy).

5. Early detection of cancer symptoms: It is important to consult a doctor when any unusual symptoms appear, such as inexplicable weight loss, fatigue, changes in intestinal habits or bleeding.

Section 4: Prevention of infectious diseases

1. Mechanisms of transmission of infectious diseases:

   • Airborne driving way: The spread through drops formed during coughing, sneezing or conversation (for example, flu, measles, tuberculosis).
   • Contact Way: Distribution through direct contact with an infected person or through contaminated surfaces (for example, colds, skin infections).
   • Food path: Spread through infected food or water (for example, salmonellosis, hepatitis a).
   • Vector Way: Distribution through carriers (for example, mosquitoes, ticks) (for example, malaria, lime disease).
   • Sexual path: Distribution through sexual contact (for example, HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia).

2. Primary prevention of infectious diseases:

   • Vaccination: Vaccines stimulate the immune system to the production of antibodies that provide protection against specific infectious diseases. It is important to follow the recommended vaccination schedule for children and adults.
   • Hand hygiene: Regular washing of hands with soap and water is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
   • Respiratory hygiene: When coughing or sneezing, you should cover your mouth and nose with a napkin or elbow.
   • Safe cooking: Proper storage and cooking can prevent food poisoning.
   • Safe sex: The use of condoms during sexual intercourse can prevent transmission of sexually transmitted infections.
   • Insect bites protection: The use of repellents, wearing protective clothing and avoiding places where there are a lot of insects, can prevent the transmission of diseases transferred by insects.
   • Avoid contact with sick people: Limiting contact with people who have signs of an infectious disease.

3. Secondary prevention of infectious diseases:

   • Early detection and treatment: An appeal to a doctor when there are signs of an infectious disease.
   • Insulation: Isolation of sick people can prevent the further spread of infection.
   • Preventive treatment: In some cases, preventive treatment can be recommended (for example, antibiotics after contact with patient with meningitis).

4. Prevention of nosocomial infections:

   • Hygiene of the hands of medical workers: Regular hand washing or the use of hand antiseptics.
   • Using barrier methods: Wearing gloves, masks and robes when caring for patients.
   • Sterilization and disinfection: Proper sterilization of medical instruments and surfaces disinfection.
   • Rational use of antibiotics: The use of antibiotics only if necessary and in accordance with the recommendations.

5. HIV/AIDS prevention:

   • Safe sex: Using condoms during sexual contact.
   • Avoiding joint use of needles: You can not jointly use needles for drug injections or tattoos.
   • HIV testing: Regular HIV testing, especially for people with high risk.
   • Antirerovirus therapy: Taking antiretroviral drugs can prevent the transfer of HIV from mother to child and reduce the risk of HIV transmission to other people.
   • Prevention after contact: Taking antiretroviral drugs after possible contact with HIV (for example, after unprotected sexual contact).

Section 5: Prevention of chronic non -infectious diseases (Hniz)

1. Basic Hniz: The basic heads include cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases (for example, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and asthma) and diabetes.

2. General risk factors of Hniz: Many Hniz have general risk factors, such as:

   • Unhealthy food: High consumption of saturated and trans fats, sugar and salt. Low consumption of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
   • Insufficient physical activity: Sitting lifestyle.
   • Smoking: The reason for many is kniz.
   • Alcohol abuse: It is associated with an increased risk of developing several kniz.
   • Environmental pollution: Exposure to contaminated air, water and soil.

3. Integrated approach to Hniz’s prevention: Since many Hniz have general risk factors, effective prevention requires an integrated approach aimed at reducing the effects of these risk factors at the same time.

4. Diabetes prevention:

   • Healthy nutrition: Control of carbohydrate and sugar consumption. Increase in fiber consumption.
   • Regular physical activity: Improves insulin sensitivity.
   • Maintaining a healthy weight: Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
   • Diabetes screening: It is recommended for people with high risk (for example, with overweight, with a family history of diabetes).

5. Prevention of chronic respiratory diseases:

   • Refusal of smoking: The most important measure of prevention of COPD.
   • Avoiding the effects of air pollutants: Minimization of the effects of contaminated air at work and at home.
   • Vaccination: Vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal infection can prevent exacerbations of COPD and asthma.
   • Allergy management: For people with asthma caused by allergies, it is important to control their allergens.

Section 6: Prevention of mental disorders

1. Risk factors of mental disorders: The risk factors of mental disorders are complex and include:

   • Genetic factors: Heredity can play a role in the development of some mental disorders.
   • Environmental factors: Traumatic events, stress, social isolation.
   • Chemical imbalance in the brain: Neurotransmitters play a role in regulating mood and behavior.
   • Abuse of psychoactive substances: It can cause or aggravate mental disorders.
   • Chronic diseases: Some chronic diseases can increase the risk of mental disorders.

2. Primary prevention of mental disorders:

   • Strengthening mental health: Promotion of positive mental health and well -being.
   • Reducing stress: Stress management techniques.
   • Strengthening social ties: Promoting social support and inclusion.
   • Prevention of violence and cruelty: Prevention of traumatic events.
   • Healthy lifestyle: Healthy nutrition, regular physical activity and sufficient sleep.

3. Secondary prevention of mental disorders:

   • Early detection and treatment: Identification of signs of mental disorders in the early stages and ensuring access to treatment.
   • Screening: Frequency for depression and anxiety in primary health care.
   • Psychological support: Providing psychological support to people experiencing stressful life events.

4. Suicide prevention:

   • Identification of people with high risk: Assessment of suicide risk in people who show signs of depression, anxiety or hopelessness.
   • Providing crisis help: Access to trust lines and other crisis care services.
   • Limiting access to suicide means: Storage of firearms and medicines in a safe place.
   • Prevention of the stigmatization of mental disorders: Promoting the understanding and adoption of people with mental disorders.

5. Prevention of abuse of psychoactive substances:

   • Prevention of the start of use of psychoactive substances: Education about the risks of using psychoactive substances.
   • Early detection and treatment: Identification and treatment of problems associated with the use of psychoactive substances in the early stages.
   • Recovery support: Providing support to people trying to overcome dependence on psychoactive substances.

Section 7: Prevention of injuries

1. Types of injuries: Injuries can be unintentional (for example, traffic accidents, falls, burns, drowning) or intentional (for example, violence, suicide).

2. Risk factors for injuries: Risk factors include:

   • Age: Children and elderly people are at risk of certain types of injuries.
   • Floor: Men are at risk of some types of injuries, such as traffic accidents and violence.
   • Socio-economic status: People with low socio-economic status are at risk of injuries.
   • The use of alcohol and drugs: Associated with an increased risk of injuries.
   • Unavailable environmental conditions: Dangerous roads, poor lighting, lack of protective devices.

3. Primary injury prevention:

   • Road safety: Compliance with the rules of the road, the use of seat belts and children’s chairs, the avoidance of drunk driving.
   • Prevention of falls: Installation of handrails and non -slip coatings, improvement of lighting.
   • Feeling burns: Installation of smoke detectors, storage of flammable substances in a safe place, adjusting the temperature of the water.
   • Prevention of drowning: Swimming training, the use of rescue vests, supervision of children by the water.
   • Prevention of violence: The fight against poverty, inequality and other social factors that contribute to violence.

4. Secondary prevention of injuries:

   • Fast medical care: Providing quick access to medical care after an injury.
   • Rehabilitation: Provision of rehabilitation services to restore functions after injury.

5. Prevention of injuries at the workplace:

   • Security training: Training of employees to safe work methods.
   • Using protective equipment: Providing workers with the necessary protective equipment (for example, helmets, glasses, gloves).
   • Creating a safe working environment: Elimination of dangers at the workplace.

Section 8: Prevention of dental diseases

1. The main dental diseases: Caries, periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis), cancer of the oral cavity.

2. Risk factors for dental diseases:

   • Poor oral hygiene: Insufficient tooth brushing and using the tooth thread.
   • High sugar consumption: Promotes the development of caries.
   • Smoking: It is associated with an increased risk of periodontal diseases and cancer of the oral cavity.
   • Dry mouth: Can increase the risk of caries.
   • Genetic factors: Heredity can play a role in the development of some dental diseases.

3. Primary prevention of dental diseases:

   • Tooth brushing: Teeth brushing twice a day using fluorine -containing toothpaste.
   • Using tooth thread: Daily use of tooth thread to remove denture and food residues between the teeth.
   • Sugar consumption restriction: Reducing the consumption of sweet drinks and snacks.
   • Water fluoridation: Water fluoridation is an effective way to prevent caries.
   • Regular examinations at the dentist: Visiting a dentist for preventive examinations and professional brushing.
   • Refusal of smoking: Smoking is harmful to the health of the oral cavity.

4. Secondary prevention of dental diseases:

   • Early detection and treatment: Treatment of caries and periodontal diseases in the early stages.
   • Fluorak: Application of fluoride to the teeth to prevent caries.
   • Fissour sealing: Sealing tooth fissure to prevent caries in children.

5. Prevention of cancer of the oral cavity:

   • Refusal of smoking: Smoking is the main risk factor for oral cancer.
   • Moderate alcohol consumption: Alcohol abuse is associated with an increased risk of oral cancer.
   • Regular examinations at the dentist: The dentist can identify signs of oral cancer in the early stages.
   • Self -examination of the oral cavity: Regular inspection of the oral cavity for ulcers, cones or other changes.

Section 9: Prevention of visual impairment

1. Common visual impairment: Myopia (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopy), astigmatism, glaucoma, cataract, macular degeneration.

2. Risk factors of visual impairment:

   • Genetic factors: Heredity can play a role in the development of some visual impairment.
   • Age: The risk of glaucoma, cataracts and macular degeneration increases with age.
   • Diabetes: Diabetes can increase the risk of retinopathy.
   • High blood pressure: It can increase the risk of glaucoma.
   • Smoking: It is associated with an increased risk of developing macular degeneration and cataracts.
   • The effect of ultraviolet radiation: It can increase the risk of cataracts and macular degeneration.
   • Work at the computer: Long work at the computer can lead to visual voltage.

3. Primary prevention of visual impairment:

   • Ultraviolet radiation protection: Wearing sunglasses blocking UV rays.
   • Healthy nutrition: The use of products rich in vitamins and antioxidants, such as fruits, vegetables and fish.
   • Regular breaks when working at the computer: Compliance with the “20-20-20” rule: every 20 minutes to look away from the screen for 20 seconds and look at an object located at a distance of 20 feet (6 meters).
   • Correct lighting: Providing sufficient lighting during reading and work.
   • Control of diabetes and high blood pressure: Maintaining blood sugar and blood pressure within the target values.
   • Refusal of smoking: Smoking is harmful to the health of the eyes.

4. Secondary prevention of visual impairment:

   • Regular examinations by an ophthalmologist: A visit to an ophthalmologist for preventive examinations and identifying visual impairments in the early stages.
   • Screening on Glaucoma: Screening on glaucoma is recommended for people over 40 years old.
   • Early treatment: Timely treatment of visual impairment can prevent vision loss.

5. Prevention of eye injuries:

   • Using protective glasses: Wearing protective glasses when working with hazardous substances or tools.
   • Safe toys: The choice of toys safe for children.

Section 10: The role of the state and society in the prevention

1. Legislative and regulatory measures: The state plays an important role in the prevention of diseases by adopting laws and regulatory acts aimed at protecting public health (for example, laws on control over tobacco, food safety, road safety).

2. Public health programs: The state finances and implements public health programs aimed at the prevention of diseases (for example, vaccination programs, cancer screening, prevention of cardiovascular diseases).

3. Education and informing the population: The state and public organizations conduct campaigns by education and informing the population about a healthy lifestyle and the prevention of diseases.

4. Creating a healthy environment: The state creates a healthy habitat, providing access to clean water, safe food, quality housing and opportunities for physical activity.

5. Support for scientific research: The state finances scientific research aimed at developing new methods of diseases prevention.

6. The role of sma: The media play an important role in informing the population about a healthy lifestyle and the prevention of diseases.

7. The role of non -profit organizations: Non -profit organizations play an important role in the prevention of diseases, implementing public health programs, conducting educational campaigns and supporting people suffering from diseases.

8. Participation of citizens: The participation of citizens in preventive measures is an important factor in success. Everyone can contribute to improving the health of society, leading a healthy lifestyle, participating in screening and vaccination programs, and supporting efforts to create a healthy environment.