B vitamins for heart health: role

B vitamins for heart health: role, mechanisms and strategies for applying

Chapter 1: Overview of B vitamins and their fundamental functions

B vitamins are a complex of water -soluble nutrients that play a critical role in numerous aspects of cellular metabolism. Together, these vitamins are necessary to maintain energy exchange, functioning of the nervous system and DNA synthesis. Each vitamin of group B has unique properties and performs specific functions, but they often work synergistic to ensure optimal health.

• Vitamin B1 (TIAMIN): Tiamine is a coherent in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and amino acids. It plays a key role in decarboxylation of alpha-coat acids, such as pyruvat and alpha-ketoglutarate, which are important stages in the Crebs cycle (citric acid cycle). Tiamine also participates in maintaining the function of the nervous system and muscles. Tiamin deficiency can lead to Beri Berie, characterized by neurological and cardiovascular disorders.

• Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Riboflavin is the predecessor of the coo-enzymes of the Flavmononucleotide (FMN) and Flavidenindinininducleotide (FAD), which participate in oxidizing and restoration reactions in energy metabolism. FAD and FMN are necessary for the functioning of many enzymes, including NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome-core, which play an important role in the respiratory chain. Riboflavin is also involved in the metabolism of vitamins B6 and folic acid.

• Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Niacin is the predecessor of the coherents of nicotinydenindininicleotide (NAD+) and nicotinindinindinindinucleotidfosphate (NADP+), which participate in numerous redox reactions in the cell. NAD+ plays a key role in glycolis, the Crebs and respiratory chain cycle, and NADP+ is involved in restoration biosynthetic processes, such as the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol. Niacin also plays a role in maintaining the integrity of DNA and cell alarm.

• Vitamin B5 (pantotenic acid): Pantotenic acid is a component of cooferment A (COA), which plays a central role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. COA is involved in the transfer of acyel groups, which is necessary for the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol and acetylcholine. Pantotenic acid is also involved in the synthesis of hem, a component of hemoglobin.

• Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin): Vitamin B6 exists in several forms, including pyridoxin, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine, which turn into an active form, pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP). PLP is a coherent for more than 100 enzymes involved in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids. PLP is involved in transamination, decarboxylation and radiation of amino acids. It is also necessary for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, and for hem synthesis.

• Vitamin B7 (Biotin): Biotin is a coherent for carboxylase, enzymes that catalyze carboxylation reactions. Biotin is involved in gluconeogenesis, synthesis of fatty acids and leucine metabolism. Key biotin-dependent enzymes include pyruvatkarboxylase, acetyl-carboxylase, propionil-coal-carboxylase and beta-methylcronel-carboxylase.

• Vitamin B9 (folic acid): Folic acid is the predecessor of tetrahydrofolates (ThF), a cooferment involved in the transfer of single -iron groups in the metabolism of nucleotides and amino acids. ThF is necessary for the synthesis of DNA and RNA, as well as for the metabolism of homocysteine. Folic acid deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia and an increase in homocysteine ​​levels.

• Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): Cobalamin is a cooferment for two enzymes: methylmalolin-coo-mutase and methyoninSintase. Methylmalonil-co-mutase is involved in the metabolism of the propionate, and methyoninSintase is necessary to turn homocysteine ​​into methionine. Cobalamin is also necessary to maintain the function of the nervous system and DNA synthesis. Cobalamine deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia and neurological disorders.

Chapter 2: The role of group B vitamins in the metabolism of homocysteine ​​and cardiovascular health

Homocysteine ​​is an amino acid formed in the process of methyonin metabolism. Increased levels of homocysteine ​​in blood plasma (hyperhomocysteinemia) are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, thrombosis and heart failure. Vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid play a critical role in the regulation of homocysteine ​​levels.

• Homocysteine ​​regulation mechanism:

  • Folic acid: Tetrahydrofolat (ThF), a derivative of folic acid, is involved in the removalization of homocysteine ​​in methionine using the enzyme methioninsyntase, for the functioning of which vitamin B12 is also necessary. The lack of folic acid leads to a decrease in the activity of methioninsyntase and, therefore, to an increase in homocysteine ​​levels.
  • Vitamin B12: Cobalamin is a methyoninSintase cofactor. It is necessary to transmit a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolat to homocystein, forming methionine. The deficiency of vitamin B12 leads to a decrease in the activity of methioninsyntase and, therefore, to an increase in the level of homocysteine.
  • Vitamin B6: Pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP), a derivative of vitamin B6, is a coherent of cystageine-Beta-syntase (CBS), an enzyme that catalyzes the transformation of homocysteine ​​into cystageine. Tsistanine, in turn, turns into cysteine. This path is one of the main ways to remove homocysteine ​​from the body. Vitamin B6 deficiency leads to a decrease in CBS activity and, therefore, to an increase in homocysteine ​​levels.

• Clinical research and meta analysis: Numerous studies have shown that the addition of folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 can reduce the level of homocysteine ​​in blood plasma. However, the results of studies that evaluate the influence of a decrease in homocysteine ​​on the risk of cardiovascular diseases were ambiguous. Some meta analyzes did not reveal a significant reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events when using B vitamins, despite a decrease in homocysteine ​​levels. This may be due to the fact that homocysteine ​​is only one of the many risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, and a decrease in its level may not have a significant effect on general risk, especially in populations that receive adequate nutrition. In addition, it is possible that the influence of group B vitamins on the cardiovascular system is not limited only to a decrease in homocysteine ​​levels.

• Mechanisms not related to homocystein: B vitamins can have a favorable effect on the cardiovascular system through mechanisms not related to regulation of homocysteine ​​levels. For example, vitamin B3 (niacin) is known for its ability to reduce triglycerides and increase the level of high density lipoproteins (HDL), which can reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. In addition, some B vitamins have antioxidant properties that can protect cells from damage to free radicals and reduce inflammation, which plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases.

Chapter 3: Influence of group B vitamins on the function of the endothelium and inflammation

Endothelium is a thin layer of cells lining the inner surface of blood vessels. He plays a critical role in the regulation of vascular tone, adhesion of leukocytes, coagulation and vascular permeability. Endothelium dysfunction is an early sign of atherosclerosis and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Chronic inflammation also plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and heart failure. B vitamins can influence the function of the endothelium and inflammation.

• Influence on the function of the endothelium: Some studies have shown that group B vitamins can improve endothelium function. For example, folic acid can increase the bioavailability of nitrogen oxide (NO), a powerful vasodilator, which plays an important role in maintaining vascular tone. NO is synthesized by the enzyme endothelial NO-syntase (ENOS), for the functioning of which cofactors, such as tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) are needed. Folic acid can improve the ENOS function and increase NO formation. In addition, some vitamins of group B can reduce the level of oxidative stress, which can damage endothelial cells and disrupt their function.

• Influence on inflammation: Chronic inflammation plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and heart failure. Inflammatory cytokines, such as the Alpha and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) interleukin rumor factor, can contribute to the damage to the endothelium and activation of immune cells, which leads to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Some B vitamins have anti -inflammatory properties. For example, niacin can reduce the level of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation. In addition, some vitamins of group B can modulate the function of immune cells and reduce the products of inflammatory cytokines.

• Clinical research: Clinical studies that evaluate the influence of group B vitamins on the function of the endothelium and inflammation have given ambiguous results. Some studies have shown that the addition of folic acid can improve the function of the endothelium and reduce the level of inflammatory markers, while other studies have not revealed a significant effect. This may be due to the differences in the design of research, the characteristics of participants and doses of vitamins used. Additional studies are needed to determine the optimal doses and combinations of group B vitamins to improve endothelium function and reduce inflammation.

Chapter 4: B vitamins and heart failure

Heart failure is a condition in which the heart cannot pump blood enough to meet the needs of the body. Heart failure can be caused by various factors, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathy and heart defects. B vitamins deficiency can aggravate the course of heart failure.

• Tiamin and heart failure: Tiamin deficiency can lead to Beri Berie, which is characterized by cardiovascular disorders, including dilatation cardiomyopathy, pulmonary edema and heart failure. Tiamine deficiency is often found in patients with heart failure, especially in those who take diuretics that can increase the excretion of thiamine in urine. The addition of thiamine can improve the function of the heart and reduce the symptoms of heart failure in patients with thiamine deficiency.

• Cobalamin and heart failure: Cobalamin deficiency can lead to anemia, which can aggravate the course of heart failure. Anemia reduces the ability of blood to tolerate oxygen, which leads to an increase in the load on the heart. Adding cobalamin can improve hematological indicators and reduce heart failure symptoms in patients with cobalamin deficiency and anemia.

• Coenzym Q10 and B vitamins B: Coenzym Q10 (COQ10) is a vitamin -like substance that plays an important role in energy metabolism and is an antioxidant. COQ10 synthesis requires several group B vitamins, including vitamins B2, B3, B5, B6 and B12. Patients with heart failure often have a low COQ10 level in the blood. Adding COQ10 can improve heart function and reduce heart failure symptoms. The combined addition of COQ10 and B vitamins can be more effective than adding only COQ10.

• Clinical research: Clinical studies that evaluate the influence of group B vitamins on heart failure have given positive results. For example, the study showed that the addition of thiamine improves the fraction of the left ventricle (FVLF) and reduces the symptoms of heart failure in patients with thiamine deficiency. Another study showed that the addition of COQ10 improves the function of the heart and reduces mortality in patients with heart failure. Additional studies are needed to determine the optimal doses and combinations of group B vitamins for the treatment of heart failure.

Chapter 5: B vitamins and arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are a heart rhythm disturbances that can vary from harmless to life -threatening. Some B vitamins can play a role in maintaining a normal heart rhythm.

• TIAMIN AND ARITIES: Tiamine deficiency can lead to impaired function of the autonomous nervous system, which controls the heart rhythm. Tiamin deficiency can also lead to electrolyte disorders, such as hypomagnesia that can be predisposed to arrhythmias. Adding thiamine can reduce the risk of arrhythmias in patients with thiamine deficiency.

• Magnesium and vitamin B6: Magnesium is an important mineral that plays a role in the regulation of heart rhythm. Vitamin B6 is necessary for the absorption of magnesium in cells. The deficiency of magnesium and vitamin B6 can lead to arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. The addition of magnesium and vitamin B6 can reduce the risk of arrhythmias in patients with a deficiency of these nutrients.

• Folic acid and arrhythmias: Some studies have shown that an increased level of homocysteine ​​may be associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation. The addition of folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 can reduce homocysteine ​​levels and, therefore, reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation.

• Clinical research: Clinical studies that evaluate the influence of group B vitamins on arrhythmias gave ambiguous results. Some studies have shown that the addition of magnesium and vitamin B6 can reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation after heart surgery. Other studies have not revealed a significant effect. Additional studies are needed to determine the role of group B vitamins in the prevention and treatment of arrhythmias.

Chapter 6: Sources of B vitamins and recommendations for consumption

B vitamins are contained in various foods. It is important to use a diverse and balanced diet to ensure adequate consumption of all vitamins of group B.

• Sources of vitamin B1 (tiamina): Whole grain products, pork, legumes, nuts, seeds.

• Sources of vitamin B2 (riboflavin): Dairy products, eggs, meat, green leafy vegetables, enriched cereals.

• Sources of vitamin B3 (niacin): Meat, poultry, fish, peanuts, mushrooms, enriched cereals.

• Sources of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid): Widely distributed in food products, especially in meat, poultry, eggs, milk, vegetables and whole grains.

• Sources of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine): Meat, poultry, fish, bananas, potatoes, enriched cereals.

• Sources of vitamin B7 (BIOTINA): Eggs (especially yolk), liver, yeast, nuts, seeds.

• Sources of vitamin B9 (folic acid): Green leaf vegetables, legumes, citrus fruits, enriched cereals.

• Sources of vitamin B12 (cobalamine): Products of animal origin, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy products. Vegetarians and vegans are recommended to use enriched products or take vitamin B12 additives.

• Consumption recommendations: Recommended daily consumption norms for B vitamins vary depending on age, gender and health status. It is important to consult a doctor or nutritionist in order to determine the optimal doses of group B vitamins for individual needs.

Chapter 7: B vitamins deficiency: causes, symptoms and diagnosis

The deficiency of group B vitamins can occur for various reasons, including insufficient consumption with food, violation of absorption, increased need (for example, during pregnancy or breastfeeding) and certain diseases or drugs.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Insufficient consumption with food: Limited consumption of products rich in Big -B vitamins, especially among vegetarians and vegans (vitamin B12), as well as in people with limited access to various foods.
  • Distribution of absorption: Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as Crohn’s disease, celiac disease and atrophic gastritis, can violate the absorption of group B vitamins. Operations on the stomach or intestines can also lead to violation of the absorption of vitamins of group B.
  • Increased need: Pregnancy, breastfeeding, rapid growth periods and some diseases can increase the need for vitamins of group B.
  • Medicines: Some drugs, such as diuretics, antibiotics and anticonvulsants, can affect the metabolism and absorption of vitamins of group B.
  • Alcoholism: Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to a deficiency of group B vitamins due to a decrease in consumption, violation of absorption and increased excretion.

• Deficiency symptoms: Symptoms of deficiency of B vitamins can vary depending on a specific vitamin, degree of deficiency and individual characteristics. General symptoms include:

  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Irritability and depression
  • Headaches
  • Problems with digestion
  • Skin rashes
  • Tingling and numbness in the arms and legs
  • Anemia

• Diagnosis: Diagnosis of B vitamins deficiency usually includes an anamnesis assessment, physical examination and laboratory tests. Laboratory studies may include:

  • Determination of the level of group B vitamins in the blood or urine
  • Determining the level of homocysteine ​​in the blood
  • Assessment of hematological indicators (for example, a general blood test, blood smear)

Chapter 8: Safety and side effects of taking B vitamins

B vitamins are water -soluble, which means that an excess of vitamins is excreted from the body in urine. Therefore, in general, group B vitamins are considered safe when receiving in recommended doses. However, when taking high doses of group B vitamins, side effects may occur.

• Side effects:

  • Niacin: High doses of niacin can cause redness of the skin, itching, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and liver damage.
  • Vitamin B6: High doses of vitamin B6 can cause neuropathy (nerves damage), characterized by tingling and numbness in the arms and legs.
  • Folic acid: High doses of folic acid can mask vitamin B12 deficiency.
  • Other B vitamins B: In rare cases, high doses of other vitamins of group B can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

• Interactions with drugs: B vitamins can interact with some drugs. It is important to inform the doctor about all the medications, vitamins and additives in order to avoid undesirable interactions.

• Precautions:

  • Follow the recommendations of a doctor or nutritionist for the dosage of vitamins of group B.
  • Do not exceed the recommended doses of B vitamins B.
  • Tell the doctor about all medications, vitamins and additives.
  • Be careful when taking high doses of B vitamins, especially if you have liver or kidney diseases.

Chapter 9: Research Prospects and future areas

Studies of the role of group B vitamins in the health of the heart continue. Future research should be aimed at:

• Determination of optimal doses and combinations of group B vitamins for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
• The study of the mechanisms of action of group B vitamins on a cardiovascular system that is not related to the regulation of homocysteine ​​levels.
• Assessment of the influence of group B vitamins on the function of the endothelium and inflammation in patients with cardiovascular diseases.
• The study of the role of group B vitamins in the treatment of heart failure and arrhythmias.
• The development of personalized approaches to the use of group B vitamins based on genetic and metabolic characteristics.

Chapter 10: Conclusion (planned, but not included in this assignment)
(The task says not to include a conclusion)

Chapter 11: List of literature (planned, but not included in this assignment)
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