B vitamins B: with deficiency

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B vitamins B: with deficiency

B1 (Tiamin): Guardian of energy exchange and nervous system

Tiamin, or vitamin B1, plays a key role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, turning them into the energy necessary for the functioning of the cells. It is also important for maintaining a healthy nervous system and muscle function, including the heart muscle. Tiamine deficiency can lead to serious health problems.

• Functions:

  • Metabolism of carbohydrates: Tiamin is a cooferment for several enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, in particular pyruvat dehydrogenate complex and alpha-metoglutaratratodehydrogenate complex. These complexes are necessary to turn glucose into energy.
  • Nervous system: Tiamin is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, which plays an important role in the transmission of nerve impulses. It also helps to maintain a myelin shell that protects the nerve fibers.
  • Muscle work: Tiamin is necessary for the normal functioning of muscles, including the heart muscle. It helps to provide muscles with energy and is involved in maintaining their structure and function.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Insufficient consumption: A low thiamine diet, especially in countries where rice is the main food product (grinded rice contains little thiamine), can lead to a deficiency.
  • Alcohol abuse: Alcohol prevents the absorption of thiamine and increases its excretion from the body. Alcoholics often suffer from thiamine deficiency, which can lead to Encephalopathy of Vernika-Korsakov.
  • Some diseases: Diseases that affect the absorption of nutrients, such as Crohn’s disease, celiac disease and chronic diarrhea, can lead to thiamine deficiency.
  • Pregnancy and breastfeeding: The need for thiamine increases during pregnancy and breastfeeding, so women who do not receive enough thiamine with food may encounter a deficit.
  • Medicines: Some drugs, such as diuretics, can increase the excretion of thiamine from the body.
  • Dialysis: Hemodialysis can remove thiamine from the blood, which requires an additional intake of thiamine.
  • Malbsorbs syndrome: Violation of the absorption of nutrients in the intestines.

• Deficiency symptoms:

  • Early symptoms: Fatigue, irritability, loss of appetite, constipation, abdominal pain.
  • Since A classic disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine. There are several forms of Beri-Buri:
    • Sukhaaya has since: It is characterized by damage to the nervous system, causing numbness, tingling and weakness in the limbs, as well as problems with coordination.
    • Wet Bari-Bari: It is characterized by damage to the cardiovascular system, causing shortness of breath, swelling, heart heartbeat and heart failure.
    • Infantile Beri-Bari: It is found in babies whose mothers suffer from a deficiency of thiamine. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, cramps and heart failure.
  • Encephalopathy Vernika-Korsakov: A severe neurological disorder caused by a deficiency of thiamine, often found in alcoholics. Characterized:
    • Encephalopathy Wernick: It is characterized by confusion, a violation of coordination (ataxia) and paralysis of the eye muscles (nystagmus).
    • Korsakova syndrome: It is characterized by memory impairment, especially short -term, and confabulations (inventing events for filling in memory spaces).
  • Other symptoms: Muscle weakness, cardiomyopathy (damage to the heart muscle), decrease in cognitive functions.

• Diagnosis:

  • Anamnesis and physical examination: The doctor collects information about the nutrition, medical history and lifestyle of the patient, and also conducts a physical examination to identify signs of thiamine deficiency.
  • Blood test: The measurement of the level of thiamine in the blood can help identify a deficiency, but this method is not always reliable.
  • Determining the activity of transcetolas in red blood cells: Transcetolasa is an enzyme for which thiamine is needed. Measurement of transcetolase activity in red blood cells before and after adding thiamine can help evaluate the status of thiamine. If the activity of the enzyme increases significantly after the addition of thiamine, this indicates a deficit.
  • Treatment reaction: Improving symptoms after taking tiamine additives can also confirm the diagnosis of deficiency.

• Treatment:

  • Tiamina supplements: Tiamine oral or injection additives are used to replenish the deficit. The dosage depends on the degree of deficiency and the general state of health of the patient.
  • Diet rich in thiamine: The use of products rich in thiamine, such as whole grain products, legumes, nuts, seeds and low -fat meat.
  • Treatment of concomitant diseases: Treatment of diseases that contribute to thiamine deficiency, such as alcoholism or diseases that affect the absorption of nutrients.

• Prevention:

  • Balanced nutrition: The use of a variety of foods rich in thiamine is the best way to prevent deficiency.
  • Alcohol use restriction: Alcohol abuse is the main cause of thiamine deficiency, so it is important to limit alcohol consumption or refrain from it.
  • Tiamine additives: People with an increased risk of thiamine deficiency, such as alcoholics, people with diseases affecting the absorption of nutrients, and pregnant or lactating women, may be taken for tiamine additives.

B2 (riboflavin): energy, vision and skin health

Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, plays an important role in energy exchange, helping to turn food into energy. It is also necessary to maintain the health of the skin, mucous membranes and vision.

• Functions:

  • Energy exchange: Riboflavin is a component of two coofers: Flavmononucleotide (FMN) and Flavidenindinindinucleotide (FAD), which participate in many metabolic processes, including oxidation of fatty acids and carbohydrates.
  • Health of the skin and mucous membranes: Riboflavin helps maintain the health of the skin and mucous membranes, participating in the growth and restoration of cells.
  • Vision: Riboflavin is necessary for the normal functioning of the eyes and maintaining good vision. It helps to protect the eyes from damage caused by free radicals.
  • Antioxidant Protection: Riboflavin is involved in the restoration of glutathione, an important antioxidant that protects the cells from damage.
  • Interaction with other vitamins: Riboflavin is necessary for activating vitamin B6 and folic acid.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Insufficient consumption: A low riboflavin diet, especially in people who do not consume dairy products, meat and eggs.
  • Alcohol abuse: Alcohol prevents the absorption of riboflavin and increases its excretion from the body.
  • Some diseases: Diseases that affect the absorption of nutrients, such as Crohn’s disease, celiac disease and chronic diarrhea, can lead to riboflavin deficiency.
  • Pregnancy and breastfeeding: The need for riboflavin increases during pregnancy and breastfeeding, so women who do not receive enough riboflavin with food may encounter a deficit.
  • Medicines: Some drugs, such as tricyclic antidepressants and antimalarial drugs, can increase the excretion of riboflavin from the body.
  • Phototherapy: Phototherapy used to treat jaundice in newborns can destroy riboflavin.

• Deficiency symptoms:

  • Ariboflavinosis: A set of symptoms associated with riboflavin deficiency.
  • Heit: Cracks and inflammation in the corners of the mouth.
  • Glossit: Inflammation of the tongue that can make it red and painful.
  • Seborrheic dermatitis: Inflammatory skin disease, which causes peeling and itching, especially on the face, the scalp of the head and chest.
  • Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea of ​​the eye, which can cause pain, redness and increased sensitivity to light.
  • Anemia: Riboflavin deficiency can lead to anemia, as it is necessary for the absorption of iron.
  • Fatigue: Riboflavin deficiency can lead to fatigue and weakness.
  • Photophobia: Increased sensitivity to light.

• Diagnosis:

  • Anamnesis and physical examination: The doctor collects information about the nutrition, medical history and lifestyle of the patient, and also conducts a physical examination to identify signs of riboflavin deficiency.
  • Urine analysis: The measurement of the level of riboflavin in the urine can help identify the deficit.
  • Determination of the activity of glutathioneductase in red blood cells: Glutathioneuctase is an enzyme for which riboflavin is necessary for the work. Measuring the activity of glutathioneductase in red blood cells before and after adding riboflavin can help assess the status of riboflavin. If the activity of the enzyme increases significantly after the addition of riboflavin, this indicates a deficit.
  • Treatment reaction: Improving the symptoms after taking riboflavin additives can also confirm the diagnosis of deficiency.

• Treatment:

  • Riboflavin additives: Riboflavin oral additives are used to replenish the deficit. The dosage depends on the degree of deficiency and the general state of health of the patient.
  • Diet rich in riboflavin: The use of products rich in riboflavin, such as dairy products, meat, eggs, green leafy vegetables and enriched grain products.
  • Treatment of concomitant diseases: The treatment of diseases that contribute to a deficiency of riboflavin, such as alcoholism or diseases affecting the absorption of nutrients.

• Prevention:

  • Balanced nutrition: The use of various foods rich in riboflavin is the best way to prevent deficiency.
  • Avoid prolonged exposure to light: Riboflavin is sensitive to light, so the products containing riboflavin should be stored in a dark place.
  • Reception of riboflavin additives: People with an increased risk of riboflavin deficiency, such as alcoholics, people with diseases affecting the absorption of nutrients, and pregnant or lactating women, may require riboflavin additives.

B3 (niacin): skin health, nervous system and digestion

Niacin, or vitamin B3, plays an important role in the metabolism of energy, DNA and health of the nervous system, skin and digestion. There are two forms of niacin: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.

• Functions:

  • Energy exchange: Niacin is a component of two coofers: nicotinindinindininucleotide (NAD) and nicotinindinindininicoleotidfosphate (NADP), which participate in many metabolic processes, including oxidation of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids.
  • DNA: Niacin plays a role in replication and DNA restoration.
  • Nervous system: Niacin is necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system. It helps to protect the nerve cells from damage and is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
  • Leather: Niacin helps maintain skin health, participating in growth and cell recovery.
  • Digestion: Niacin is necessary for the normal functioning of the digestive system. It helps to split food and absorb nutrients.
  • Close -to -level decrease in cholesterol: Nicotinic acid, the form of niacin, can help reduce the level of LDL cholesterol (“poor” cholesterol) and increase the level of HDL cholesterol (“good” cholesterol). However, the use of nicotinic acid to reduce cholesterol requires medical observation due to possible side effects.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Insufficient consumption: A low content of niacin and tripophanes (amino acids, which can be transformed into niacin in the body).
  • Pellagra: A classic disease caused by niacin deficiency.
  • Hartnupa disease: Genetic disease that violates the absorption of tripophanes.
  • Carcinoid syndrome: The disease in which the tumor produces a large amount of serotonin, which reduces the availability of tryptophan for transformation into niacin.
  • Alcohol abuse: Alcohol prevents the absorption of niacin and increases its excretion from the body.
  • Some drugs: Some drugs, such as isoniazide (used to treat tuberculosis), may prevent the formation of a tripophane niacin.

• Deficiency symptoms:

  • Pellagra: Characterized by “three d”:
    • Dermatitis: Symmetric dermatitis in areas of the skin, exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, arms and legs.
    • Diarrhea: Inflammation of the digestive tract leading to diarrhea.
    • Dementia: Neurological symptoms such as depression, irritability, memory loss and disorientation.
  • Other symptoms: Fatigue, loss of appetite, headaches, insomnia, apathy, inflammation of the tongue (glossitis), ulcers in the mouth, nausea, vomiting.

• Diagnosis:

  • Anamnesis and physical examination: The doctor collects information about the nutrition, medical history and lifestyle of the patient, and also conducts a physical examination to identify signs of niacin deficiency.
  • Urine analysis: Measurement of Niacin metabolites in the urine can help to detect a deficit.
  • Blood test: The measurement of the level of niacin in the blood can help identify the deficiency, but this method is not always reliable.
  • Treatment reaction: Improving symptoms after taking niacin additives can also confirm the diagnosis of deficiency.

• Treatment:

  • Niacina supplements: Niacin oral additives are used to replenish the deficit. The dosage depends on the degree of deficiency and the general state of health of the patient.
  • Diet, rich in niacin and tripophane: The use of products rich in niacin, such as meat, poultry, fish, nuts, seeds and enriched grain products, as well as products rich in tripophane, such as dairy products, eggs and soy products.
  • Treatment of concomitant diseases: The treatment of diseases that contribute to the deficiency of niacin, such as alcoholism, HartnUp disease or carcinoid syndrome.

• Prevention:

  • Balanced nutrition: The use of a variety of food, rich in niacin and tryptophan, is the best way to prevent deficiency.
  • Alcohol use restriction: Alcohol abuse is a risk factor for niacin deficiency, so it is important to limit alcohol consumption or refrain from it.
  • Reception of niacin additives: People with an increased risk of niacin deficiency, such as alcoholics, people with a HartnUp disease or carcinoid syndrome, may take niacin additives.

B5 (pantothenic acid): the key to energy and hormonal balance

Pantotenic acid, or vitamin B5, plays an important role in the metabolism of energy, the synthesis of hormones and cholesterol. The name “pantothenic acid” comes from the Greek word “pantothen,” which means “everywhere,” since it is contained in many foods.

• Functions:

  • Energy exchange: Pantotenic acid is a component of coherent A (COA), which is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. COA is involved in the Crebs cycle, the key process of energy production in cells.
  • Hormone synthesis: Pantotenic acid is necessary for the synthesis of adrenal hormones, such as cortisol and aldosterone, as well as sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone.
  • Cholesterol synthesis: Pantotenic acid is involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, which is necessary for the formation of cell membranes and the synthesis of hormones.
  • Synthesis of fatty acids: Pantotenic acid is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, which are necessary for the formation of cell membranes and energy storage.
  • Hemoglobin synthesis: Pantotenic acid is necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin, a protein that transfers oxygen in the blood.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Pantothenic acid deficiency is raresince it is widespread in food.
  • Severe malnutrition: A deficiency of pantothenic acid can occur in people who suffer from severe malnutrition or have serious problems with the absorption of nutrients.
  • Genetic disorders: In rare cases, a pantothenic acid deficiency can be caused by genetic disorders affecting the metabolism of pantothenic acid.
  • Taking some drugs: Some drugs, such as antagonists of pantothenic acid, can cause deficiency.

• Deficiency symptoms:

  • Numbness and tingling in the arms and legs (paresthesia): The most common symptom of pantothenic acid deficiency.
  • Fatigue: The deficiency of pantothenic acid can lead to fatigue and weakness.
  • Headaches:
  • Irritability:
  • Insomnia:
  • Depression:
  • Stomach ache:
  • Nausea:
  • Vomit:
  • Muscle cramps:
  • Reduced immunity:
  • “Syndrome of burning feet”: Pain and burning in the feet, especially at night.

• Diagnosis:

  • Anamnesis and physical examination: The doctor collects information about the nutrition, medical history and lifestyle of the patient, and also conducts a physical examination to identify signs of pantothenic acid deficiency.
  • Urine analysis: Measurement of the level of pantothenic acid in the urine can help detect a deficit.
  • Blood test: Measuring the level of pantothenic acid in the blood is not a reliable method of diagnosing deficiency.
  • Treatment reaction: Improving symptoms after taking pantothenic acid additives can also confirm the diagnosis of deficiency.

• Treatment:

  • Pantotenic acid supplements: Pororal additives of pantothenic acid are used to replenish the deficiency. The dosage depends on the degree of deficiency and the general state of health of the patient.
  • Diet, rich in pantothenic acid: The use of products rich in pantothenic acid, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes, mushrooms, avocados and broccoli.
  • Treatment of concomitant diseases: Treatment of diseases that contribute to a deficiency of pantothenic acid, such as severe malnutrition or violation of absorption.

• Prevention:

  • Balanced nutrition: The use of various foods rich in pantothenic acid is the best way to prevent deficiency.

B6 (Pyridoxine): Master of metabolism of amino acids and neurotransmitters

Pyridoxine, or vitamin B6, is a group of six chemically connected compounds (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and their phosphoryized forms), which play an important role in amino acid metabolism, the synthesis of neurotransmitters and the formation of red blood cells.

• Functions:

  • Amino acid metabolism: Pyridxalfosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6, is a coherent for many enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism, including transamination, decarboxylation and deamination. These reactions are necessary for the synthesis of proteins, neurotransmitters and other important compounds.
  • Synthesis neurotransmitted: Pyridoxine is necessary for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, which play an important role in the regulation of mood, sleep and appetite.
  • The formation of red blood cells: Pyridoxine is involved in the synthesis of hem, a component of hemoglobin, a protein that transfers oxygen in the blood.
  • Glucose metabolism: Pyridoxine is involved in glucose metabolism, helping to maintain a stable blood sugar.
  • Support for the immune system: Pyridoxine is necessary for the normal function of the immune system. It helps to maintain the production of lymphocytes and antibodies.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Insufficient consumption: A low vitamin B6 diet, especially in people who do not consume meat, poultry, fish and whole grain products.
  • Alcohol abuse: Alcohol prevents the absorption of vitamin B6 and increases its excretion from the body.
  • Some diseases: Diseases that affect the absorption of nutrients, such as Crohn’s disease, celiac disease and chronic diarrhea, can lead to vitamin B6 deficiency.
  • Medicines: Some drugs, such as isoniazide (used to treat tuberculosis), penicillalamin (used to treat Wilson’s disease) and oral contraceptives, can increase the need for vitamin B6 or prevent its assimilation.
  • Renal failure: People with renal failure have an increased risk of vitamin B6 deficiency.

• Deficiency symptoms:

  • Dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin, which can cause itching, redness and peeling.
  • Heit: Cracks and inflammation in the corners of the mouth.
  • Glossit: Inflammation of the tongue that can make it red and painful.
  • Peripheral neuropathy: Damage to the peripheral nerves, which can cause numbness, tingling and pain in the arms and legs.
  • Anemia: Vitamin B6 deficiency can lead to anemia, as it is necessary for the formation of red blood cells.
  • Depression: Vitamin B6 deficiency can lead to depression and irritability.
  • Convulsions: In severe cases, vitamin B6 deficiency can cause convulsions.
  • Weak immunity: Vitamin B6 deficiency can weaken the immune system, making a person more susceptible to infections.

• Diagnosis:

  • Anamnesis and physical examination: The doctor collects information about the nutrition, medical history and lifestyle of the patient, and also conducts a physical examination to identify signs of vitamin B6 deficiency.
  • Blood test: Measuring the level of pyridoxalphosphate (PLP) in the blood is the most reliable way to diagnose vitamin B6 deficiency.
  • Urine analysis: The measurement of vitamin B6 metabolites in the urine can help identify the deficit.
  • Treatment reaction: Improving symptoms after taking vitamin B6 additives can also confirm the diagnosis of deficiency.

• Treatment:

  • Vitamin B6 additives: Vitamin B6 oral additives are used to replenish the deficit. The dosage depends on the degree of deficiency and the general state of health of the patient.
  • Diet rich in vitamin B6: The use of products rich in vitamin B6, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, whole grain products, legumes, nuts, seeds and fruits (especially bananas).
  • Treatment of concomitant diseases: Treatment of diseases that contribute to vitamin B6 deficiency, such as alcoholism or diseases affecting the absorption of nutrients.
  • Continuing taking drugs causing: If the deficiency of vitamin B6 is caused by drugs, the possibility of replacing or adjusting the dose should be discussed with the doctor.

• Prevention:

  • Balanced nutrition: The use of a variety of foods rich in vitamin B6 is the best way to prevent deficiency.
  • Alcohol use restriction: Alcohol abuse is a risk factor for vitamin B6 deficiency, so it is important to limit alcohol consumption or refrain from it.
  • Reception of vitamin B6 additives: People with increased risk of vitamin B6 deficiency, such as alcoholics, people with diseases affecting the absorption of nutrients, and people taking medications that can cause deficiency may require intake of vitamin B6.

B7 (BIOTIN): Beauty of hair, skin and nails, as well as metabolism

Biotin, or vitamin B7, also known as vitamin H, plays an important role in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. It is also necessary to maintain the health of hair, skin and nails.

• Functions:

  • Metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins: Biotin is a cooferment for several enzymes involved in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. These enzymes are necessary to turn food into energy and for the synthesis of other important compounds.
  • Health of hair, skin and nails: Biotin helps maintain the health of hair, skin and nails, participating in the growth and restoration of cells. It also helps to improve the structure of hair and nails.
  • Genes regulation: Biotin plays a role in the regulation of genes, affecting the expression of genes associated with the growth and development of cells.

• Causes of deficiency:

  • Biotin’s deficiency is rare, Since it is produced by bacteria in the intestines and is contained in many foods.
  • The use of raw egg proteins: Raw egg proteins contain avidine, protein, which is associated with biotin and prevents its absorption. Long -term use of a large amount of raw egg proteins can lead to a biotin deficiency.
  • Genetic disorders: In rare cases, a biotin deficiency can be caused by genetic disorders affecting biotin metabolism.
  • Some drugs: Some drugs, such as antibiotics and anticonvulsants, can affect the production of biotin in the intestines.
  • Pregnancy: The need for biotin increases during pregnancy, so women who do not receive enough biotin with food may encounter deficiency.
  • Long -term intravenous nutrition: Patients who receive prolonged intravenous diet without the addition of biotin may encounter deficiency.

• Deficiency symptoms:

  • Hair loss:
  • Dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin, which can cause itching, redness and peeling, especially on the face.
  • Fitty nails:
  • Neurological symptoms: Depression, fatigue, numbness and tingling in the arms and legs, convulsions.
  • Loss of appetite:
  • Nausea:
  • Glossit: Inflammation of the tongue that can make it red and painful.

• Diagnosis:

  • Anamnesis and physical examination: The doctor collects information about the nutrition, medical history and lifestyle of the patient, and also conducts a physical examination to identify signs of biotin deficiency.
  • Blood test: The measurement of the level of biotin in the blood can help identify deficiency.
  • Urine analysis: Measuring the level of biotin metabolites in the urine can help identify deficiency.
  • Treatment reaction: Improving symptoms after taking biotin additives can also confirm the diagnosis of deficiency.

• Treatment:

  • Biotin supplements: Biotin oral additives are used to replenish the deficit. The dosage depends on the degree of deficiency and the general state of health of the patient.
  • Diet rich in biotin: The use of foods rich in biotin, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, nuts, seeds, legumes and whole grain products.
  • Crossing the use of raw egg proteins: If the biotin deficiency is caused by the use of raw egg proteins, their use should be stopped.
  • Treatment of concomitant diseases: The treatment of diseases that contribute to the deficiency of biotin, such as genetic disorders or diseases that affect the production of biotin with bacteria in the intestine.

• Prevention:

  • Balanced nutrition: The use of a variety of foods rich in biotin is the best way to prevent deficiency.
  • Avoid the use of a large amount of raw egg proteins.

B9 (folic acid): the key to healthy pregnancy and DNA

Folic acid, or vitamin B9, is a water -soluble vitamin necessary for cell growth, division and DNA synthesis. Folic acids are contained in the form of folates, and in additions and enriched products – in the form of folic acid.

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