Bad for the health of the heart and blood vessels

Bad for the health of the heart and blood vessels: a comprehensive guide for choosing and using

Section 1: Cardiovascular system: Health Fundamentals

1. Anatomy and Physiology:

   • Heart: The organ providing blood circulation, its structure (atrium, ventricles, valves) and function (reduction, relaxation, blood release).
   • Blood vessels: Arteries (transportation of blood from the heart), veins (transportation of blood to the heart), capillaries (metabolism between blood and tissues), their structure and function.
   • Blood: The composition (plasma, red blood cells, leukocytes, platelets), functions (transport of oxygen and nutrients, protection against infections, temperature regulation).
   • Circles of blood circulation: A large (system) circle (from heart to all organs and tissues and vice versa) and a small (pulmonary) circle (from heart to light and vice versa).

2. Mechanisms of regulation of the cardiovascular system:

   • Nervous regulation: The influence of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system on the heart rate, blood pressure and blood vessel tone.
   • Hormonal regulation: The role of adrenaline, norepinephrine, angiotensin II, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone in the regulation of blood pressure and water-salt balance.
   • Local regulation: The role of the vessel endothelium in the release of vasodilators (nitrogen oxide, prostacilla) and vasoconstrictor (endothelin).
   • Baroreseptors and Hemoretstors: The role of these receptors in maintaining blood pressure and gas composition of blood.

3. The main cardiovascular diseases:

   • Atherosclerosis: The formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the walls of arteries, leading to narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels and impaired blood supply to organs and tissues. Risk factors (high cholesterol, increased blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, heredity).
   • Corny heart (coronary heart disease): The insufficient blood supply to the myocardium, leading to angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and heart failure.
   • Arterial hypertension: Increased blood pressure, which is the risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, stroke and renal failure. Classification of arterial hypertension.
   • Heart failure: A condition in which the heart is not able to ensure adequate blood supply to organs and tissues. Causes (IBS, arterial hypertension, heart defects, cardiomyopathy).
   • Heart rhythm (arrhythmias): Deviations from the normal rhythm of heart contractions. Types of arrhythmias (tachycardia, bradycardia, extrasystole, fibrillation).
   • Stroke: Violation of cerebral circulation, leading to damage to brain tissue. Types of stroke (ischemic, hemorrhagic).
   • Thrombosis and embolica: The formation of blood clots in the vessels and their separation followed by clogging of other vessels.

Section 2: Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases

1. Modified risk factors:

   • High cholesterol level: Lipoproteins of low density (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL), their role in the development of atherosclerosis. A diet rich in saturated fats and cholesterol.
   • Increased blood pressure: The role of salt, alcohol, stress, obesity in increasing blood pressure.
   • Smoking: The effect of nicotine and other toxic substances contained in tobacco smoke on the cardiovascular system.
   • Diabetes sugar: An increased level of blood glucose that damages the vessels and contributes to the development of atherosclerosis.
   • Obesity: Excess weight, increasing the load on the heart and contributes to the development of arterial hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia.
   • Insufficient physical activity: Hypodynamia, contributing to the development of obesity, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia.
   • Stress: Chronic stress that increases blood pressure and contributes to the development of coronary heart disease.
   • Inal meals: Diet, poor in fruits, vegetables and whole cereals, and rich in saturated fats, cholesterol and salt.

2. Unmodified risk factors:

   • Age: With age, the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases increases.
   • Floor: Men are more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases than women to menopause.
   • Heredity: Genetic predisposition to cardiovascular diseases.
   • Breed: Some races are more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases than others.

Section 3: Bad for the health of the heart and blood vessels: Review of the main components

1. Omega-3 fatty acids:

   • Sources: Fish oil, linseed oil, chia seeds, walnuts.
   • The mechanism of action: Reducing the level of triglycerides, improving the elasticity of blood vessels, decreased blood pressure, antiarrhythmic effect, anti -inflammatory effect.
   • Dosage: Recommendations for the dosage of EPA and DHA depending on the goals (prevention, treatment).
   • Side effects and contraindications: The risk of bleeding, allergic reactions, interaction with anticoagulants.
   • Output forms: Capsules, liquid fish oil.
   • Choice criteria: The EPA and DHA content, the purity of the product, the absence of heavy metals.

2. Coenzim Q10 (COQ10):

   • Sources: Meat, fish, nuts, spinach, broccoli. Synthesized in the body.
   • The mechanism of action: Antioxidant action, participation in energy metabolism, improvement of the function of mitochondria, reduction of blood pressure.
   • Dosage: Recommendations for dosage depending on the goals (prevention, treatment of heart failure, statin myopathy).
   • Side effects and contraindications: Rarely found (nausea, diarrhea, headache), interaction with warfarin.
   • Output forms: Capsules, tablets, solutions.
   • Choice criteria: The form of release (Kilikhinon or Kilikhinol), bioavailability.

3. Magnesium:

   • Sources: Green sheet vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole cereals.
   • The mechanism of action: Regulation of blood pressure, maintaining normal heart rhythm, reduction in thrombosis, relaxation of smooth muscles of blood vessels.
   • Dosage: Recommendations for dosage depending on the goals (prevention, treatment of arterial hypertension, arrhythmias).
   • Side effects and contraindications: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting (at high doses), renal failure.
   • Output forms: Tablets, capsules, powders, solutions.
   • Choice criteria: The form of magnesium (citrate, glycinate, oxide), bioavailability.

4. Potassium:

   • Sources: Banans, oranges, potatoes, tomatoes, spinach.
   • The mechanism of action: Regulation of blood pressure, maintaining normal heart rhythm, a reduction in stroke risk.
   • Dosage: Recommendations for dosage depending on the goals (prevention, treatment of arterial hypertension).
   • Side effects and contraindications: Hyperkalemia (with renal failure, taking potassium -saving diuretics), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
   • Output forms: Tablets, capsules, powders, solutions.
   • Choice criteria: Calia form (chloride, citrate).

5. Garlic (Allium sativum):

   • Sources: Fresh garlic, garlic extract.
   • The mechanism of action: Decrease in blood pressure, decrease in cholesterol levels, antitrombotic effects, antioxidant effects.
   • Dosage: Recommendations for the dosage of garlic extract (allicin).
   • Side effects and contraindications: Unpleasant odor from the mouth, heartburn, nausea, interaction with anticoagulants.
   • Output forms: Capsules, tablets, garlic extract.
   • Choice criteria: The content of allicine.

6. Red yeast rice (Red Yeast Rice):

   • Sources: Fermented Fig.
   • The mechanism of action: Reduced cholesterol levels (contains Monacoline K, similar to lovastatin).
   • Dosage: Recommendations for the dosage of Monacolin K.
   • Side effects and contraindications: Myopathy, increasing the level of liver enzymes, interaction with statins.
   • Output forms: Capsules, tablets.
   • Choice criteria: The content of Monacolin K, the absence of citrine (toxic substance).

7. Hawthorn (Crataegus):

   • Sources: Fruits, flowers, hawthorn leaves.
   • The mechanism of action: Improving the contractile function of myocardial, reducing blood pressure, antiarrhythmic effect, antioxidant effect.
   • Dosage: Recommendations for the dosage of hawthorn extract.
   • Side effects and contraindications: Dizziness, nausea, interaction with cardiac glycosides.
   • Output forms: Capsules, tablets, tinctures, extracts.
   • Choice criteria: The concentration of active substances (flavonoids, proshenidins).

8. L-arginine:

   • Sources: Meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, nuts, seeds.
   • The mechanism of action: It turns into nitrogen oxide (No), which relaxes the smooth muscles of blood vessels, improves blood flow and reduces blood pressure.
   • Dosage: Recommendations for dosage depending on the goals (treatment of erectile dysfunction, arterial hypertension).
   • Side effects and contraindications: Nausea, diarrhea, bloating, interaction with nitrates.
   • Output forms: Capsules, tablets, powders.

9. Vitamin D:

   • Sources: Fish oil, egg yolk, enriched products. It is synthesized in the skin under the influence of sunlight.
   • The mechanism of action: Regulation of blood pressure, improvement of endothelial function, risk reduction of cardiovascular diseases.
   • Dosage: Recommendations for dosage depending on the level of vitamin D in the blood.
   • Side effects and contraindications: Hypercalcemia (with high doses), nausea, vomiting, weakness.
   • Output forms: Capsules, tablets, solutions.

10. Resveratrol:

    • Sources: Red wine, grapes, berries, peanuts.
    • The mechanism of action: Antioxidant effect, anti -inflammatory effect, improvement of endothelial function, reduction in thrombosis.
    • Dosage: Dosage recommendations.
    • Side effects and contraindications: Rarely found (nausea, diarrhea).
    • Output forms: Capsules, tablets.

Section 4: Principles of choosing and using dietary supplements for the health of the heart and blood vessels

1. Consultation with a doctor:

   • The need to consult a doctor before taking any dietary supplements.
   • Discussion of possible interactions with drugs.
   • Determination of individual needs and goals.
   • Risk assessment and contraindications.

2. The choice of quality products:

   • Paying attention to the manufacturer and the reputation of the brand.
   • Checking the availability of quality certificates (GMP, NSF).
   • Studying the composition of the product and the content of active substances.
   • Avoiding products with artificial additives and dyes.
   • Reading consumer reviews.

3. Dosage and reception mode:

   • Strict compliance with the dosage recommendations indicated on the packaging or recommended by the doctor.
   • Regular reception of dietary supplements in accordance with the recommended regime.
   • Accounting for the time of eating and interaction with other drugs.

4. Monitoring of efficiency and side effects:

   • Regular monitoring of blood pressure, cholesterol and other indicators.
   • Observation of the general state of health and the identification of possible side effects.
   • Message to the doctor about any undesirable reactions.

5. Integration with the way of life:

   • Bades as an addition to a healthy lifestyle, and not replacing a healthy diet and physical activity.
   • Compliance with a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole cereals and lean proteins.
   • Regular physical activity (at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity per week).
   • Refusal of smoking and restriction of alcohol consumption.
   • Stress management (meditation, yoga, walking in nature).

6. Interaction with drugs:

   • Mandatory informing the doctor about taking any dietary supplements, especially when taking anticoagulants, statins, antihypertensive drugs and other drugs.
   • Possible interactions between dietary supplements and drugs (enhancing or weakening the effect, increased risk of side effects).

7. Contraindications:

   • Individual intolerance to dietary supplements.
   • Pregnancy and period of breastfeeding.
   • Severe liver and kidney diseases.
   • Blood coagulation disorders.
   • Preparation for the operation.
   • Children’s age (some dietary supplements).

Section 5: Scientific research and evidence base

1. Clinical research:

   • A review of clinical studies confirming the effectiveness and safety of individual dietary supplements for the health of the heart and blood vessels.
   • Analysis of research methodology (randomized controlled research, meta analysis).
   • Assessment of the degree of evidence of results.

2. Meta-analyzes and systematic reviews:

   • A review of meta-analyzes and systematic reviews that combine the results of several studies.
   • Assessment of the consistency of results and the identification of contradictions.
   • The formulation of conclusions based on the totality of data.

3. Recommendations of medical organizations:

   • Review of the recommendations of leading medical organizations (American Cardiological Association, European Cardiologists Society) on the use of dietary supplements for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
   • Assessment of compliance of recommendations with scientific data.

4. Prospects for further research:

   • Determination of directions for future research in the field of the use of dietary supplements for the health of the heart and blood vessels.
   • The need to conduct large -scale randomized controlled studies to confirm the efficiency and safety of individual dietary supplements.
   • The study of the mechanisms of the action of dietary supplements at the molecular level.
   • Development of personalized approaches to the use of dietary supplements, taking into account the individual characteristics of patients.

Section 6: Alternative approaches to maintaining the health of the heart and blood vessels

1. Heart health diet:

   • Mediterranean diet: principles and advantages.
   • Diet Dash (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension): Principles and advantages.
   • Limiting the consumption of saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, salt and sugar.
   • An increase in the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole cereals, low-fat proteins and healthy fats (omega-3 fatty acids).
   • Examples of dishes and recipes for heart health.

2. Physical activity:

   • Aerobic exercises (walking, running, swimming, cycling).
   • Power training.
   • Flexibility and balance (yoga, tai-chi).
   • Recommendations for frequency, duration and intensity of physical exertion.
   • Tips for the motivation and maintenance of regular physical activity.

3. Stress management:

   • Relaxation techniques (meditation, breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation).
   • Yoga and Tai-Chi.
   • Walking in nature.
   • Hobbies and social contacts.
   • Application for help to a psychologist or psychotherapist.

4. Refusal of smoking:

   • The effect of smoking on the cardiovascular system.
   • Methods of refusal of smoking (nicotin replacement therapy, consultations with a specialist, support group).
   • Advantages of talkers of smoking for the health of the heart and blood vessels.

5. Weight control:

   • Calculation of the body mass index (BMI).
   • Determination of optimal weight.
   • Balanced nutrition and regular physical activity to maintain healthy weight.
   • Application for help to a nutritionist or endocrinologist.

Section 7: Bad for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in different age groups

1. Young age (20-40 years):

   • Prevention of atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension.
   • Omega-3 fatty acids to maintain vascular health.
   • Magnesium to regulate blood pressure and reduce stress.
   • Vitamin D to maintain overall health and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

2. Average age (40-60 years):

   • Prevention of coronary heart disease and stroke.
   • Coenzym Q10 to maintain energy exchange and reduce risk of heart failure.
   • Red yeast rice (under the supervision of a doctor) to reduce cholesterol.
   • Hawthorn to improve the contractile function of myocardium and reduce blood pressure.

3. Elderly (60 years and older):

   • Support for the health of the heart and blood vessels in the presence of chronic diseases.
   • Omega-3 fatty acids to improve vascular function and reduce thrombosis.
   • Magnesium to regulate blood pressure and maintain normal heart rhythm.
   • Vitamin D to maintain bone tissue and reduce the risk of falls.
   • L-Arginine to improve blood flow and reduce blood pressure.

Section 8: Myths and errors about dietary supplements for the health of the heart and blood vessels

1. Bades are medicines:

   • The difference between dietary supplements and drugs.
   • Regulation of the production and sale of dietary supplements.
   • The need to consult a doctor before using dietary supplements.

2. Bad can replace medicines:

   • The danger of self -medication and abandoning drugs prescribed by a doctor.
   • Bades as an addition to the main treatment, not replacement.
   • The need to comply with the doctor’s recommendations.

3. All dietary supplements are equally effective:

   • Differences in the quality and composition of dietary supplements.
   • The need to choose quality products from trusted manufacturers.
   • The importance of studying the composition and quality certificates.

4. The larger the dose, the better the effect:

   • The danger of exceeding the recommended dose.
   • The risk of side effects with an overdose.
   • The need to comply with dosage recommendations.

5. Bades have no side effects:

   • Possible side effects of dietary supplements.
   • Individual intolerance to dietary supplements.
   • The need to inform the doctor about any undesirable reactions.

Section 9: The future of dietary supplements for the health of the heart and blood vessels

1. Development of new dietary supplements with improved efficiency and safety:

   • The use of nanotechnologies to increase bioavailability of dietary supplements.
   • Creation of combined dietary supplements with a synergistic effect.
   • The study of new plant sources of active substances.

2. Personalized approach to the use of dietary supplements:

   • Accounting for the genetic characteristics of patients.
   • Development of individual dietary supplements based on genomic analysis data.
   • Improving the effectiveness and safety of treatment.

3. Integration of dietary supplements into the healthcare system:

   • The inclusion of dietary supplements in the protocols of the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
   • Training in doctors and patients with the principles of the use of dietary supplements.
   • Increasing the availability of high -quality dietary supplements for the population.

4. The development of scientific research in the field of the application of dietary supplements:

   • Conducting large -scale randomized controlled studies.
   • The study of the mechanisms of the action of dietary supplements at the molecular level.
   • Assessment of long -term efficiency and safety for the use of dietary supplements.

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