Modern research on vitamins for the heart

Modern research on vitamins for the heart

Section 1: Vitamin D and cardiovascular system: new horizons

Vitamin D, known for its role in maintaining bone health, is increasingly in the spotlight of cardiologists. Its influence on the cardiovascular system (CCC) turned out to be more complex and multifaceted than previously expected. Modern studies seek to determine the optimal levels of vitamin D in the blood for cardioprotheiation, as well as study the mechanisms through which this vitamin can reduce the risk of heart disease.

• Vitamin D action mechanisms at CCC:

  • Regulation of blood pressure: Vitamin D affects the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS), a key system that regulates blood pressure. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to RAAS activation and an increase in blood pressure. Studies have shown that the additive of vitamin D can reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure, especially in patients with hypertension and vitamin D deficiency. However, it should be noted that the research results are ambiguous, and larger and long -term clinical trials are required to confirm these effects.
  • Improving the function of the endothelium: The endothelium lining the inner surface of the vessels plays an important role in the regulation of vascular tone and preventing the formation of blood clots. Vitamin D helps to improve the function of the endothelium, increasing nitrogen oxide (No), powerful vasodilator. Violation of the function of the endothelium is one of the early signs of atherosclerosis, so the improvement of endothelial function can contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
  • Anti -inflammatory action: Chronic inflammation is a key factor in the development of atherosclerosis. Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory properties, suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, and stimulating the products of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10. This can contribute to a decrease in inflammation in the vascular wall and a slowdown in the progression of atherosclerosis.
  • Reduction of risk of heart failure: Some studies associate the deficiency of vitamin D with an increased risk of heart failure. Vitamin D can have a positive effect on myocardial function, improving the contractility of the heart muscle and reducing the risk of heart remodeling. However, additional studies are needed to confirm these results and determine the optimal dose of vitamin D for the prevention of heart failure.

• Clinical research and vitamin D:

  • Numerous observatory studies showed the relationship between the low level of vitamin D and the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure. However, these studies do not prove a causal relationship.
  • The results of randomized controlled studies (RCTs) of vitamin D for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases were ambiguous. Some studies have shown positive effects, while others did not reveal significant benefits. These differences can be associated with different doses of vitamin D, duration of research, characteristics of participants (for example, the initial level of vitamin D, the presence of concomitant diseases) and the research methodology.
  • Large RCTs, such as Vital (Vitamin D and Omega-3 Tial), did not reveal a significant reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events when added vitamin D. However, Vital subanalizes showed that vitamin D can be useful for people with a low initial level of vitamin D and those who take statins.
  • Currently, additional studies are being conducted, which should clarify the role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

• Optimal levels of vitamin D and recommendations:

  • The optimal level of vitamin D in the blood for cardioprotection has not yet been established. Most experts agree that the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D) should be at least 30 ng/ml (75 nmol/l).
  • Recommendations for taking vitamin D vary depending on age, state of health and geographical location. Most adults are recommended to take 600-800 IU vitamin D per day. People with vitamin D deficiency may require higher doses.
  • It is important to remember that vitamin D is a fat -soluble vitamin, and its overdose can be toxic. Before taking vitamin D, it is necessary to consult a doctor and take a blood test to level 25 (OH) D.

Section 2: Vitamin K and vascular health: from coagulation to calcification

Vitamin K, traditionally known for its role in blood coagulation, has attracted more and more attention in recent years due to its effect on the health of blood vessels and, in particular, on the process of calcification of arteries. Modern studies show that vitamin K, especially its form K2 (menachinons), plays an important role in preventing deposition of calcium in the vascular wall, thereby contributing to maintaining elasticity and the health of the arteries.

• Calcification of arteries: what is it and why it is important:

  • Calcification of arteries is the process of deposition of calcium in the walls of arteries, which leads to their hardening and loss of elasticity. This is one of the main risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and stroke.
  • Calcification of arteries can occur in various layers of the vascular wall, including intima (inner layer) and media (middle layer). Calcification of intima is usually associated with atherosclerotic plaques, while the calcification of media can lead to arteries and an increase in blood pressure.
  • Risk factors for calcification of arteries include age, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, smoking, high blood pressure and vitamin K. deficiency.

• The role of vitamin K2 in preventing the calcification of arteries:

  • Vitamin K2 activates the Matrix GLA-Boker (MGP) protein, which is a powerful calcification inhibitor. MGP is synthesized by the vascular wall cells and prevents calcium deposit in the arteries.
  • In order for the MGP to be active, it must be carboxylated, which requires the presence of vitamin K2. Vitamin K2 deficiency leads to insufficient MGP carboxylation, which allows calcium to be postponed in the arteries.
  • Vitamin K2 also activates osteocalcin, protein, which plays an important role in bone metabolism. Osteokalcin helps to include calcium in the bone and prevents its deposition in soft tissues, such as arteries.

• Studies of vitamin K2 and cardiovascular health:

  • The Rotterdam study, a large prospective study, showed that high consumption of vitamin K2 is associated with a decrease in the risk of calcification of arteries and cardiovascular diseases. Participants who consumed the largest amount of vitamin K2 had a 50% lower risk of aortic calcification and 57% lower risk of death from cardiovascular diseases compared to participants who consumed the least amount of vitamin K2.
  • Subsequent studies have confirmed these results. For example, the study of Prospect-epic showed that high consumption of vitamin K2 is associated with a decrease in the risk of coronary heart disease in women in postmenopause.
  • Some clinical studies have shown that the additive of vitamin K2 may slow down the progression of calcification of arteries in patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes.

• Sources of vitamin K2 and consumption recommendations:

  • Vitamin K2 is contained in various foods, including NATTO (fermented soybeans, a rich sourakhinon-7 source), solid cheeses, organs (for example, liver), eggs and butter.
  • The recommended daily dose of vitamin K2 is not exactly set, but most experts recommend consuming at least 90-120 μg per day.
  • People taking anticoagulants, such as warfarin, need to consult a doctor before taking vitamin K2, since vitamin K can affect blood coagulation.

• Vitamin K1 vs. Vitamin K2: It is important to note the difference between vitamin K1 (phyllokhinon) and vitamin K2 (menachinons). Vitamin K1 is mainly contained in green leafy vegetables and plays an important role in blood coagulation. Vitamin K2, on the other hand, is contained in enzyme products and products of animal origin and is believed to have a more pronounced effect on the health of blood vessels.

Section 3: Vitamin C and cardiovascular protection: antioxidant shield

Vitamin C, known for its antioxidant properties and the role in maintaining the immune system, also plays an important role in protecting the cardiovascular system from oxidative stress and damage. Modern studies study the mechanisms through which vitamin C can reduce the risk of heart disease, as well as optimal doses for cardioprotection.

• Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease:

  • Oxidative stress occurs when the balance between the production of free radicals and the ability of antioxidant systems to neutralize them is disturbed in the body. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage the cells, including the cells of the vascular wall.
  • Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis, damaging endothelium, oxidizing low density lipoproteins (LDL) and contributing to inflammation.
  • Factors contributing to oxidative stress include smoking, environmental pollution, malnutrition, chronic diseases and stress.

• Antioxidant properties of vitamin C:

  • Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that can neutralize free radicals and protect the cells from oxidative damage.
  • Vitamin C also helps to restore other antioxidants such as vitamin E, which enhances its protective effect.

• The influence of vitamin C on the cardiovascular system:

  • Improving the function of the endothelium: Vitamin C helps to improve the function of the endothelium, protecting it from oxidative damage and increasing nitrogen oxide products (NO).
  • LTNP oxidation decrease: LDL oxidation is a key step in the development of atherosclerosis. Vitamin C can reduce LDL oxidation, thereby slowing the progression of atherosclerosis.
  • Reduced blood pressure: Some studies have shown that the additive of vitamin C can reduce blood pressure, especially in patients with hypertension.
  • Reduction of the risk of stroke: Met-analyzes showed that high consumption of vitamin C is associated with a decrease in the risk of stroke.

• Clinical studies of vitamin C and cardiovascular diseases:

  • Numerous observatory studies have shown the relationship between high consumption of vitamin C and a decrease in the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
  • The results of RCT vitamin C for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases were ambiguous. Some studies have shown positive effects, while others did not reveal significant benefits. These differences can be associated with different doses of vitamin C, the duration of research, the characteristics of participants and the research methodology.
  • Some studies have shown that vitamin C can be especially useful for people with a high level of oxidative stress, such as smokers and patients with diabetes.

• Sources of vitamin C and recommendations on consumption:

  • Vitamin C is found in various fruits and vegetables, especially in citrus fruits, berries, kiwi, pepper and broccoli.
  • The recommended daily dose of vitamin C is 75 mg for women and 90 mg for men. Smokers are recommended to consume more vitamin C.
  • Vitamin C additives are usually safe, but high doses can cause side effects, such as stomach and diarrhea.

Section 4: B vitamins and heart health: integrated approach

B vitamins play an important role in the metabolism of homocysteine, amino acids, the high level of which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Modern studies study the effect of vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid on the level of homocysteine ​​and their role in the prevention of heart disease.

• Homocysteine ​​and cardiovascular diseases:

  • Homocysteine ​​is an amino acid formed in the process of methyonin metabolism. A high level of homocysteine ​​in blood (hyperhomocysteinemia) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis and stroke.
  • Hypergomocysteinemia can damage endothelium, promote the oxidation of LDL and stimulate blood clots.
  • Factors contributing to hyperhomocysteinemia include genetic factors, deficiency of group B vitamins, chronic kidney disease, hypothyroidism and some drugs.

• The role of vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid:

  • Vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid are cofactors of enzymes involved in homocysteine ​​metabolism.
  • Vitamin B6 is involved in the transformation of homocysteine ​​into cysteine.
  • Vitamin B12 and folic acid are involved in the transformation of homocysteine ​​into methionine.
  • The deficiency of these vitamins can lead to an increase in the level of homocysteine ​​in the blood.

• Clinical studies of group B vitamins and cardiovascular diseases:

  • Numerous observatory studies have shown the relationship between a high level of homocysteine ​​and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
  • The results of RCI B vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases were ambiguous. Some studies have shown positive effects, while others did not reveal significant benefits.
  • Some meta-analyzes have shown that the addition of group B vitamins can reduce the risk of stroke, but does not affect the risk of myocardial infarction or cardiovascular mortality.
  • The possible causes of conflicting results include different doses of vitamins, the duration of research, the characteristics of participants (for example, the initial level of homocysteine, the presence of concomitant diseases) and the research methodology.
  • Some studies have shown that group B vitamins can be especially useful for people with a high level of homocysteine ​​and for those who have genetic mutations affecting the metabolism of homocysteine.

• Sources of B vitamins and recommendations on consumption:

  • B vitamins are found in various foods, including meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, whole grain products, legumes and green leafy vegetables.
  • Recommended daily doses of vitamins of group B vary depending on age, gender and health.
  • Vitamin B12 may be added to vegetarians and vegans, since it is mainly found in animal products.

Section 5: Vitamin E and cardiovascular system: Lipid protection

Vitamin E, a group of fat -soluble antioxidants, plays an important role in protecting lipids from oxidation and maintaining vascular health. Modern studies study various forms of vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) and their effect on the cardiovascular system.

• The role of vitamin E in the protection of lipids:

  • Vitamin E is the main fat -soluble antioxidant in the body. It protects lipids, including lipids of cell membranes and LDL, from oxidative damage.
  • LDL oxidation is a key step in the development of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDLs are more prone to capture by macrophages, which leads to the formation of foamy cells and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.
  • Vitamin E can also reduce inflammation and improve the function of the endothelium.

• Tokoferols and tocotrienols:

  • Vitamin E includes eight different compounds: four tocopherols (alpha, beta-, gamma and delta-tocopherols) and four Tokotrienols (alpha, beta, gamma and delt-tocotrienol).
  • Alpha-tocopherol is the most common form of vitamin E in the body.
  • Tokotrienols have more pronounced antioxidant and anti -inflammatory properties than tocopherols.
  • Tokotrienols can also have a positive effect on cholesterol level and endothelial function.

• Clinical studies of vitamin E and cardiovascular diseases:

  • The results of RCT vitamin E for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases were ambiguous. Some studies have shown positive effects, while others did not reveal significant benefits.
  • Some studies have shown that vitamin E can reduce the risk of developing coronary heart disease and stroke in women, but not in men.
  • Possible causes of conflicting results include different doses of vitamin E, the duration of research, the characteristics of participants and the research methodology.
  • Some studies have shown that tocotrienols can be more effective than tocopherols in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

• Vitamin E sources and consumption recommendations:

  • Vitamin E is found in various foods, including vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, green leafy vegetables and avocados.
  • The recommended daily dose of vitamin E is 15 mg.
  • Vitamin E additives are usually safe, but high doses can increase the risk of bleeding.

Section 6: Future directions of vitamins for the heart

Modern studies continue to expand our understanding of the role of vitamins in maintaining the health of the cardiovascular system. Future research will be directed to:

• Studying the interaction of vitamins: Vitamins do not act in isolation, but interact with each other. Future studies will study the synergistic effects of vitamins and optimal combinations for cardioprotection.
• Personalized approach: The effectiveness of vitamins can vary depending on the genetic factors, lifestyle and human health. Future studies will be aimed at developing personalized recommendations for taking vitamins for the heart.
• Studying the role of vitamins in the prevention of heart failure: Heart failure is a serious disease with high mortality. Future studies will study the role of vitamins in the prevention and treatment of heart failure.
• Development of new methods of vitamin delivery: New methods of vitamin delivery, such as nanoparticles and liposomes, can improve bioavailability and effectiveness of vitamins.

Continuing research will better understand the role of vitamins in the health of the heart and develop more effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.