Intestinal microbia and health: all

Intestinal microbia and health: all you need to know

I. Fundamentals of intestinal microbioma

1. Determination and composition of microbioma:

   • The intestinal microbia is a complex and dynamic ecosystem of microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract. It includes bacteria, archeas, fungi, viruses and protozoa.
   • Bacteria make up the bulk of the microbioma, numbering trillions of individuals and thousands of different types.
   • Types of bacteria prevailing in the intestines vary depending on genetics, age, diet, geographical position and human health.
   • The microbia of each person is unique, like fingerprints.
   • Important births of bacteria include Bacteroides, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria And Verrucomicrobia. Ratio Firmicutes And Bacteroides It is often investigated, although its health connection is not always unambiguous.
   • Archeas, although less numerous, play an important role in metabolism, especially in methanogenesis.
   • Mushrooms, such as Candidausually present in small quantities, but their imbalance can lead to health problems.
   • Viruses, especially bacteriophages, are also part of a microbioma and can affect bacteria populations.

2. Development Microbiome:

   • The development of a microbioma begins immediately after birth.
   • Initially, the child’s microbia is formed under the influence of the microflora of the mother acquired during childbirth (vaginal birth contributes to the transfer of more bacteria than cesarean section).
   • Breastfeeding has a significant effect on the development of microbioma, contributing to the growth of bifidobacteria, which are useful for the health of the baby.
   • With the introduction of solid foods, the composition of the microbioma becomes more diverse and similar to a microbia of an adult.
   • Throughout life, a microbia is subjected to constant changes under the influence of various factors, including a diet, taking drugs (especially antibiotics) and stress.
   • By three years of life, the composition of the microbioma is usually stabilized and becomes relatively stable.

3. Microbiam functions:

   • Metabolism: Microbia plays an important role in digesting food, especially complex carbohydrates that cannot be digested by human enzymes.
   • Bacteria produce short -chain fatty acids (KCHK), such as butyrate, acetate and propionate, which serve as a source of energy for intestinal cells, have anti -inflammatory properties and affect glucose and lipid metabolism.
   • Microbia is involved in the synthesis of vitamins, such as vitamin K and some vitamins of group B.
   • It also participates in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics.
   • Immune system: Microbia plays a key role in the development and functioning of the immune system.
   • It helps to teach immune cells to distinguish between “their” and “other people’s” microorganisms.
   • Microbia stimulates the production of antibodies and other immune factors that protect against pathogenic microorganisms.
   • The imbalance in microbioma (dysbiosis) can lead to impaired immune regulation and the development of autoimmune diseases.
   • Pathogenic protection: Microbia competes with pathogenic microorganisms for nutrients and the place of attachment to the intestinal mucosa.
   • Some bacteria produce antimicrobials that suppress the growth of pathogens.
   • Maintaining a healthy microbioma is an important factor in infections.
   • Brain effect: Microbia has an effect on the function of the brain through the so-called “axis of the intestines-mozg”.
   • Bacteria are produced by neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine and GABA, which affect mood, behavior and cognitive functions.
   • Microbia can also affect the brain through immune and endocrine mechanisms.

II. Microbia factors

1. Diet:

   • Diet is one of the most important factors affecting the composition and function of the microbioma.
   • A variety of diet, rich in fiber, contributes to the growth of beneficial bacteria.
   • Fiber is found in fruits, vegetables, whole grain products and legumes.
   • A diet with a high content of fats and sugar can lead to dysbiosis and an increase in the number of bacteria associated with inflammation.
   • The consumption of processed products containing artificial additives and preservatives can also negatively affect microbias.
   • Products rich in polyphenols (for example, berries, tea, coffee) can have a beneficial effect on microbias.
   • Prebiotics are substances that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines. They are contained in products such as onions, garlic, artichokes and bananas.
   • The Mediterranean diet, rich in fiber, olive oil, fish and vegetables, is considered favorable for microbioma.

2. Antibiotics:

   • Antibiotics are drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections.
   • They kill not only pathogenic bacteria, but also beneficial bacteria in the intestines.
   • Taking antibiotics can lead to dysbiosis, a decrease in the variety of microbiomes and an increase in the risk of infections, such as Clostridium difficile.
   • After taking antibiotics, it is important to restore with a microbia with probiotics and diet rich in fiber.
   • Excessive use of antibiotics is a serious problem that contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance.

3. Medicines (except for antibiotics):

   • Many drugs, in addition to antibiotics, can affect microbiomes.
   • Some non -steroidal anti -inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as Ibuprofen, can negatively affect the intestinal mucosa and change the composition of the microbioma.
   • Proton pump inhibitors (IPP) used to treat heartburn can reduce acidity in the stomach and influence the composition of the microbioma.
   • Metformin, a medicine for the treatment of diabetes, can affect microbia and contribute to the growth of beneficial bacteria.
   • It is important to take into account the effect of drugs on a microbia when prescribing treatment.

4. Stress:

   • Stress can have a negative impact on the microbia through the axis of the intestines.
   • Chronic stress can lead to dysbiosis, a decrease in the variety of microbioma and an increase in the risk of developing inflammatory intestinal diseases.
   • Stress management with the help of relaxation, meditation and physical exercises can help maintain the health of a microbioma.

5. Age:

   • The composition of the microbioma changes with age.
   • In infants, microbias are less diverse than in adults.
   • With age, the variety of microbioma usually increases, but in older people it can decrease.
   • Age -related changes in microbioma can be associated with changes in the diet, immune system and medication.

6. Geography:

   • The geographical position affects the microbia through differences in the diet, lifestyle and the environment.
   • People living in different countries can have significantly different microbioms.

7. Genetics:

   • Genetics also plays a role in the formation of a microbioma.
   • Some genetic factors can affect susceptibility to certain bacteria and the composition of the microbioma.

III. Diseases associated with dysbiosis

1. Inflammatory diseases of the intestine (BCC):

   • ISC, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation.
   • Dysbacteriosis plays an important role in the development of the OKK.
   • Patients with OZK often have a decrease in the variety of microbioma, an increase in the number of bacteria associated with inflammation, and a decrease in the number of bacteria producing KCSK.
   • A change in the microbioma using a diet, probiotics or fecal transplantation can be an effective method of treating ISC.

2. Irritable intestine syndrome (SRK):

   • SRK is a functional intestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating and changes in the character of the stool.
   • Dysbacteriosis can also play a role in the development of SRK.
   • Patients with SRK often have changes in the composition of microbioma, which can affect intestinal motility, visceral sensitivity and inflammation.
   • Probiotics can be useful to alleviate the symptoms of IBS in some patients.

3. Obesity and metabolic syndrome:

   • Microbia plays a role in the regulation of energy metabolism and metabolism.
   • Some studies have shown that in people with microbia obesity, it differs from a microbioma of people with normal weight.
   • Dysbiosis can contribute to the development of obesity, insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders.
   • A change in a microbioma using a diet and probiotics can be an effective method of treating obesity and metabolic syndrome.

4. Type 2 diabetes:

   • Microbia can also play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes.
   • Some studies have shown that in patients with type 2 diabetes, microbiomas differs from a microbioma of healthy people.
   • Dysbacteriosis can contribute to the development of insulin resistance and a violation of glucose regulation.
   • A change in a microbioma using a diet and probiotics can be an effective method of treatment of type 2 diabetes.

5. Autoimmune diseases:

   • Dysbacteriosis can play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
   • Microbias are involved in the regulation of the immune system, and an imbalance in a microbiome can lead to impaired immune regulation and the development of autoimmune reactions.

6. Allergies:

   • Microbia plays a role in the development of allergies, especially in children.
   • Dysbacteriosis at an early age can increase the risk of allergic diseases, such as eczema, allergic rhinitis and food allergies.

7. Liver diseases:

   • Microbia has an impact on the health of the liver.
   • Dysbacteriosis can contribute to the development of non -alcoholic fatty liver (NAZBP) and other liver diseases.
   • A change in a microbioma using a diet and probiotics can be an effective method of treating NABP.

8. Neurological disorders:

   • Microbia has an effect on the function of the brain through the axis of the intestines.
   • Dysbacteriosis can play a role in the development of neurological disorders, such as depression, anxiety, autism and Parkinson’s disease.

9. Cardiovascular diseases:

   • Microbia can affect the health of the cardiovascular system.
   • Dysbacteriosis can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.

IV. Microbioma research methods

1. Sequinization 16s RRNK:

   • This is the most common method of microbioma analysis.
   • It is based on sequencing of the 16s RRNA gene, which is present in all bacteria and contains species -specific areas.
   • Sectoring 16s RRNK allows you to identify bacteria in the sample and determine their relative number.

2. Metagenomica:

   • Metagenomic is a method for analyzing the genetic material of all microorganisms in the sample.
   • It allows you to identify not only bacteria, but also other microorganisms, such as archeas, mushrooms and viruses.
   • The metagenomic provides a more complete picture of the composition and function of the microbioma than sequencing 16s RRNA.

3. Metabolomics:

   • Metabolomics is a method for the analysis of metabolites produced by microorganisms.
   • It allows you to determine what substances are produced by microbioma and how they affect human health.

4. Cultivation:

   • Cultivation is a method of growing microorganisms in laboratory conditions.
   • It allows you to get pure cultures of bacteria for further study.
   • However, cultivation allows you to identify only a small part of microorganisms present in the intestine, since many bacteria cannot be grown in laboratory conditions.

5. Analysis of feces:

   • Analysis of feces is the most common way to obtain samples for the study of microbioma.
   • Feces contain a large number of microorganisms reflecting the composition of the intestinal microbioma.
   • Analysis of feces is non -invasive and is relatively easy to execute.

V. Methods for improving microbioma health

1. Diet rich in fiber:

   • An increase in fiber consumption is one of the most effective ways to improve the health of microbioma.
   • Fiber contributes to the growth of beneficial bacteria producing KCHK.
   • Use more fruits, vegetables, whole grain products and legumes.

2. Probiotics:

   • Probiotics are living microorganisms that, when used in sufficient quantities, have a beneficial effect on health.
   • Probiotics can help restore microbias after taking antibiotics, improve digestion and strengthen the immune system.
   • Choose probiotics containing bacteria strains that have proven their effectiveness in clinical research.
   • Consult a doctor or nutritionist to choose a suitable probiotic.

3. Prebiotics:

   • Prebiotics are substances that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines.
   • Prebiotics are contained in products such as onions, garlic, artichokes, bananas and asparagus.
   • The use of prebiotics can help improve the health of a microbioma.

4. Enzymed products:

   • Enzymes, such as yogurt, kefir, sauer cabbage and kimchi, contain living microorganisms that can have a beneficial effect on microbiomas.
   • Turn on the fermented products in your diet.

5. Avoid excessive use of antibiotics:

   • Antibiotics can negatively affect microbias.
   • Take antibiotics only as prescribed by a doctor and only if necessary.
   • After taking antibiotics, restore microbiomes using probiotics and diet, rich in fiber.

6. Stress management:

   • Stress can negatively affect the microbia.
   • Manage stress using relaxation, meditation and exercise techniques.

7. Sufficient sleep:

   • The lack of sleep can negatively affect the microbia.
   • Try to sleep at least 7-8 hours a day.

8. Regular physical exercises:

   • Regular physical exercises can have a beneficial effect on microbias.
   • Do physical exercises for at least 30 minutes a day.

9. Fecal transplantation:

   • Fecal transplantation is a treatment method in which the feces of a healthy donor are transplanted into the patient’s intestines.
   • Fecal transplantation can be an effective method of treating infections caused Clostridium difficileas well as other diseases associated with dysbiosis.
   • Fecal transplantation is an invasive procedure that requires careful selection of donors and compliance with safety measures.

VI. The future of microbioma studies

1. Personalized medicine:

   • Microbiam studies open up opportunities for the development of personalized medicine.
   • Analysis of a microbioma can help predict the risk of developing various diseases and develop individual prevention and treatment strategies.

2. Development of new probiotics and prebiotics:

   • Studies on the development of new probiotics and prebiotics are ongoing, which will be more effective in the treatment of various diseases.

3. The effect of microbioma on cancer immunotherapy:

   • Studies show that microbia can affect the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy.
   • A change in microbioma can increase the effectiveness of immunotherapy in some patients.

4. The role of microbioma in aging:

   • Studies show that microbias plays a role in aging.
   • A change in microbioma can slow down the aging process and improve health in old age.

5. The relationship of microbioma and mental health:

   • Studies on the study of the relationship of microbioma and mental health are ongoing.
   • A change in microbioma can be an effective method of treating depression, anxiety and other mental disorders.

This comprehensive review provides comprehensive information about the intestinal microbioma, its role in health and diseases, factors affecting it, research methods and ways to improve its health. It also covers promising areas of future research in this area.