New vaccines: Breakthrough in the prevention of infectious diseases

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New vaccines: Breakthrough in the prevention of infectious diseases

I. Revolution in vaccinology: from traditional methods to innovative platforms

Modern vaccinology is undergoing a period of unprecedented development, due to the appearance of new technological platforms and the deepening of our understanding of the immune system. Traditional approaches to the development of vaccines, based on the use of weakened or inactivated pathogens, are inferior to innovative strategies that allow you to create safer, effective and quickly adapted vaccines.

1.1. M-RNA vaccine: new era in immunoprophylaxis

M-RNA vaccines became a real breakthrough, demonstrating its effectiveness and speed of development in the conditions of pandemia Covid-19. The principle of operation of these vaccines is the delivery of genetic information to the body of the body in the form of M-RNA, encoding pathogen antigen. Cells, having received M-RNA, begin to synthesize this antigen, causing an immune response.

  • Advantages of M-RNA vaccines:

    • Speed ​​of development: M-RNA synthesis is relatively simple and fast, which allows you to quickly respond to the appearance of new pathogen options.
    • High efficiency: M-RNA vaccines stimulate both cellular and humoral immunity, providing reliable protection.
    • Safety: M-RNA is not built into the cell of the cell, does not contain living viruses and is quickly destroyed in the body.
    • Scaling production: The production of M-RNA vaccines is relatively easily scale, which allows you to quickly increase volumes.

  • M-RNK Vaccines: the mechanism of action:

    1. M-RNA, encoding the antigen of the pathogen, consists in the lipid nanoparticles to protect against degradation and relieve penetration into the cells.
    2. After the introduction of the vaccine, lipid nanoparticles are absorbed by the cells of the body, most often dendritic cells and macrophages.
    3. Inside the M-RNA cell is released and broadcast, that is, genetic information is read from it and antigen is synthesized.
    4. The antigen is broken down into peptides and appears on the surface of the cell in combination with molecules MHC I and MHC II.
    5. The representation of antigen on molecules of MHC I activates cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8+ cells), which destroy cells expressing antigen.
    6. The representation of the antigen on the MHC II molecules activates T-highpers (CD4+ cells), which help in lymphocytes to produce antibodies.
    7. The developed antibodies neutralize the pathogen and prevent its penetration into the cells.
    8. Immunological memory is formed, which provides long -term protection against infection.

  • Prospects of M-RNA vaccines:

    • Development of vaccines against other infectious diseases such as flu, HIV, malaria.
    • Creation of personalized vaccines against cancer.
    • Development of vaccines for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

1.2. Vector vaccines: Delivery of antigen using viral vectors

Vector vaccines use safe viruses (vectors) to deliver genetic information encoding pathogen antigen into the cells of the body. Vectors are modified so that they cannot multiply in the body and cause a disease.

  • Types of viral vectors:

    • Adenoviruses (the most common type of vectors)
    • Viruses of the vaccine
    • Lentviruses
    • Adenoasinated viruses (AAV)

  • Advantages of vector vaccines:

    • High efficiency: Vector vaccines stimulate a strong immune response, both cellular and humoral.
    • Long -term protection: The immune response, induced by vector vaccines, is usually longer than when using other types of vaccines.
    • Simplicity of production: The production of vector vaccines is relatively simple and can be scale.

  • The mechanism of action of vector vaccines:

    1. The vector virus containing genetic information encoding pathogen antigen is introduced into the body.
    2. The vector virus penetrates the body cells, most often into dendritic cells and macrophages.
    3. Inside the cell, the genetic information encoding the antigen is released and broadcast, that is, genetic information is read from it and antigen is synthesized.
    4. The antigen is broken down into peptides and appears on the surface of the cell in combination with molecules MHC I and MHC II.
    5. The representation of antigen on molecules of MHC I activates cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8+ cells), which destroy cells expressing antigen.
    6. The representation of the antigen on the MHC II molecules activates T-highpers (CD4+ cells), which help in lymphocytes to produce antibodies.
    7. The developed antibodies neutralize the pathogen and prevent its penetration into the cells.
    8. Immunological memory is formed, which provides long -term protection against infection.

  • Prospects for vector vaccines:

    • Development of vaccines against HIV, tuberculosis, malaria.
    • Creating vaccines for cancer treatment.
    • Development of vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases in animals.

1.3. Subsidiary vaccines: point impact on the immune system

Subanary vaccines contain only certain parts of the pathogen, such as proteins or polysaccharides that stimulate the immune response. These vaccines are considered safer than vaccines containing entire pathogens, since they cannot cause a disease.

  • Types of subsidiary vaccines:

    • Protein vaccines (contain separate pathogen proteins)
    • Polysaccharide vaccines (contain polysaccharides covering bacteria)
    • Conjugated vaccines (polysaccharides are associated with a carrier protein to enhance the immune response)

  • Advantages of subsidiary vaccines:

    • High safety: Substimate vaccines do not contain living or inactivated pathogens, so they cannot cause a disease.
    • Purpose of the immune response: Subanary vaccines stimulate the immune response only to certain parts of the pathogen, which reduces the risk of side effects.
    • Stability: Subanary vaccines are usually more stable than vaccines containing entire pathogens, which simplifies their storage and transportation.

  • The mechanism of action of subsidiary vaccines:

    1. A subsidiary antigen is inserted into the body.
    2. Antigen is absorbed by antigen-representing cells (agro-industrial complex), such as dendritic cells and macrophages.
    3. Inside the agricultural agent, the antigen is broken down into peptides and appears on the surface of the cell in combination with MHC II molecules.
    4. The representation of the antigen on the MHC II molecules activates T-highpers (CD4+ cells), which help in lymphocytes to produce antibodies.
    5. The developed antibodies neutralize the pathogen and prevent its penetration into the cells.
    6. Immunological memory is formed, which provides long -term protection against infection.

  • Prospects for subsidiary vaccines:

    • Development of vaccines against various bacterial and viral infections.
    • Creating vaccines for cancer prevention.
    • Development of vaccines for the treatment of allergies.

1.4. DNA vaccines: direct path to antigen synthesis

DNA vaccines contain genetic material (DNA), encoding pathogen antigen. After the introduction of the DNA vaccine into the cells of the body, DNA is transcribed to M-RNA, which is then broadcast into antigen. Antigen stimulates the immune response.

  • Advantages of DNA vaccines:

    • Simplicity of production: The production of DNA vaccines is relatively simple and can be scale.
    • Stability: DNA vaccines are usually more stable than vaccines containing living or inactivated pathogens.
    • Cellular immunity induction: DNA vaccines stimulate a strong cellular immune response, which is important for protection against intracellular pathogens.

  • DNA-vaccines action mechanism:

    1. DNA, encoding the antigen of the pathogen, is inserted into the body.
    2. DNA penetrates the body cells, most often into muscle cells.
    3. Inside the DNA cell is transcribed in M-RNA.
    4. M-RNA is broadcast into antigen.
    5. The antigen is broken down into peptides and appears on the surface of the cell in combination with molecules MHC I and MHC II.
    6. The representation of antigen on molecules of MHC I activates cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8+ cells), which destroy cells expressing antigen.
    7. The representation of the antigen on the MHC II molecules activates T-highpers (CD4+ cells), which help in lymphocytes to produce antibodies.
    8. The developed antibodies neutralize the pathogen and prevent its penetration into the cells.
    9. Immunological memory is formed, which provides long -term protection against infection.

  • DNA-vaccines prospects:

    • Development of vaccines against HIV, hepatitis B and C, flu.
    • Creating vaccines for cancer treatment.
    • Development of vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases in animals.

II. Improving traditional vaccines: new adjuvants and improved production methods

Despite the emergence of innovative vaccine platforms, traditional methods for developing vaccines also continue to improve. The development of new adjuvants and improvement of production methods can create more effective and safe vaccines based on weakened or inactivated pathogens.

2.1. Adjuvantes: Impact amplifiers

Adjuvantes are substances that are added to vaccines to enhance the immune response to antigen. They can improve the presentation of antigen to immune cells, stimulate the production of cytokines and chemokins, as well as extend the time of the antigen in the body.

  • Types of adjuvants:

    • Aluminum salts (the most common type of adjuvants)
    • Emulsion oil-in-water
    • Immunostimulants (for example, TLR agonists)
    • Liposomes
    • Nanoparticles

  • The mechanism of action of adjuvants:

    1. The adjuvant is introduced along with the antigen.
    2. The adjuvant activates immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages.
    3. Activated immune cells improve the presentation of antigen T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
    4. The adjuvant stimulates the production of cytokines and chemokins, which attract immune cells to the injection site.
    5. The adjuvant extends the time of the antigen in the body, which increases the duration of the immune response.

  • Prospects for the development of new adjuvants:

    • The creation of adjuvants that stimulate a stronger and long -term immune response.
    • The development of adjuvants, which are suitable for use in people with weakened immunity.
    • The creation of adjuvants that can be used with various types of vaccines.

2.2. Improved vaccines production methods

Modern methods of producing vaccines allow you to obtain more clean, stable and effective vaccines. These include:

  • Using cell cultures: Many vaccines are produced using cellular crops, which allows you to obtain large volumes of the virus or bacteria.
  • Cleaning and concentration of antigen: After receiving the virus or bacteria, the antigen is cleaned and concentrated to increase the effectiveness of the vaccine.
  • Liophilization (drying out): Liophilization allows you to extend the shelf life of the vaccine and simplify its storage and transportation.
  • Using disposable bioreactors: Disposable bioreactors reduce the risk of contamination and simplify the production process.

III. New horizons: vaccines against previously incurable diseases and therapeutic vaccines

New vaccine platforms and improved production methods open up opportunities for the development of vaccines against diseases that were previously considered incurable, as well as for the creation of therapeutic vaccines intended for the treatment of existing diseases.

3.1. HIV vaccines: a long way to the goal

The development of an effective HIV vaccine is one of the most difficult tasks of modern vaccinology. HIV has high genetic variability, which makes it difficult to develop a vaccine that would be effective against all strains of the virus. In addition, HIV affects the cells of the immune system, which weakens the immune response to the vaccine.

  • HIV vaccines development strategies:

    • Induction of neutralizing antibodies: The goal is to stimulate the production of antibodies that neutralize HIV and prevent it from penetrating the cells.
    • Cellular immunity induction: The goal is to activate cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8+ cells) that destroy cells infected with HIV.
    • Combined strategies: Using a combination of various vaccine approaches for induction of both neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity.

  • Prospects for the development of vaccines against HIV:

    • Development of M-RNK-based vaccines and vector vaccines.
    • The use of new adjuvants to strengthen the immune response.
    • The study of new targets for vaccines, such as widely neutralizing antibodies.

3.2. Cancer vaccines: immunotherapy in oncology service

Cancer vaccines are therapeutic vaccines that stimulate the immune system to destroy cancer cells. They can be aimed at specific antigens that are expressed by cancer cells, or at immune control points that suppress the immune response to cancer.

  • Types of cancer vaccines:

    • Cellular vaccines: Vaccines containing the patient’s own cells modified to stimulate the immune response to cancer.
    • Peptide vaccines: Vaccines containing peptides, which are short fragments of cancer antigens.
    • DNA vaccines: Vaccines containing DNA encoding cancer antigens.
    • Vector vaccines: Vaccines using viral vectors to deliver cancer antigens to cells of the body.

  • The mechanism of action of cancer vaccines:

    1. The cancer vaccine is introduced to the patient.
    2. The vaccine stimulates the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells.
    3. Immune cells, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8+ cells), attack and destroy cancer cells.
    4. The immune system forms an immunological memory that provides long -term protection against cancer.

  • Prospects for the development of cancer vaccines:

    • Development of personalized cancer vaccines that are aimed at specific mutations in the cancer cells of each patient.
    • The use of new adjuvants to strengthen the immune response.
    • Combining vaccines against cancer with other types of immunotherapy, such as immune control points inhibitors.

3.3. Vaccines against neurodegenerative diseases: new hope for patients

The development of vaccines against neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, is a new and promising area of ​​vaccinology. These vaccines are aimed at proteins that accumulate in the brain of patients and lead to damage to nerve cells.

  • Strategies for the development of vaccines against neurodegenerative diseases:

    • Aimloid-Beta aiming for Alzheimer’s disease: The goal is to stimulate the immune response to amyloid -be, a protein that forms plaques in the brain of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
    • Aiming on alpha synuclein in Parkinson’s disease: The goal is to stimulate the immune response to alpha-synuclein, a protein that forms Taurus Levy in the brain of patients with Parkinson’s disease.

  • Prospects for the development of vaccines against neurodegenerative diseases:

    • Conducting clinical testing of vaccines in humans.
    • Development of more effective and safe vaccines.
    • Research of new targets for vaccines.

IV. Problems and prospects for the development of vaccinology

Despite significant successes in the development of new vaccines, vaccinology is faced with a number of problems that need to be solved for the further development of this area.

4.1. Overcoming distrust of vaccines

Distrust of vaccines is a serious problem that can lead to a decrease in vaccination coverage and an increase in incidence of infectious diseases.

  • The reasons for distrust of vaccines:

    • Disinformation and myths about vaccines.
    • Lack of information about vaccines.
    • Distrust of medical institutions and pharmaceutical companies.
    • Fears about the side effects of vaccines.

  • Ways to overcome mistrust to vaccines:

    • Providing reliable and understandable information about vaccines.
    • Improving communication between doctors and patients.
    • The fight against misinformation and myths about vaccines.
    • Increasing the transparency of the process of development and production of vaccines.

4.2. Ensuring global access to vaccines

Providing global access to vaccines is an important task to prevent the spread of infectious diseases around the world.

  • Problems that prevent global access to vaccines:

    • High cost of vaccines.
    • Limited production capacity.
    • Problems with logistics and delivery of vaccines to remote areas.
    • Political instability and conflicts.

  • Ways to ensure global access to vaccines:

    • Reducing the cost of vaccines.
    • Increase in production capacity.
    • Improving logistics and vaccine delivery.
    • Strengthening health systems in developing countries.
    • International cooperation in the development and production of vaccines.

4.3. Development of vaccines against new and emerging infectious diseases

The development of vaccines against new and emerging infectious diseases is an important task for protecting the population from future pandemics.

  • Problems related to the development of vaccines against new and emerging infectious diseases:

    • Lack of information about new pathogens.
    • The absence of suitable animal models to test vaccines.
    • The need for quick response to the emergence of new pathogens.

  • Ways to accelerate vaccines for new and emerging infectious diseases:

    • Improving the epidemic for infectious diseases.
    • Development of universal vaccine platforms.
    • Acceleration of clinical testing of vaccines.
    • International cooperation in the development of vaccines.

V. Conclusion

New vaccines are a powerful tool for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Innovative vaccine platforms and advanced production methods open up opportunities for the development of vaccines against previously incurable diseases and the creation of therapeutic vaccines. The solution of problems associated with distrust of vaccines, ensuring global access to vaccines and the development of vaccines against new and emerging infectious diseases will fully realize the potential of vaccinology to improve public health around the world.

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