New methods of treating acne

Title: New Acne treatment methods: revolutionary approach to clean skin

Section 1: Understanding acne: from pathogenesis to modern classifications

Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles that affect millions of people around the world. To develop effective treatment strategies, a deep understanding of its pathogenesis, including four main factors: hyperkeratinization of follicles, excessive production of skin fat (sebuma), and colonization of bacteria Cutibacterium acnes (previously Propionibacterium acnes) and inflammation.

1.1. Pathogenesis Acne: Four Whales of Skin Inflammation

• Hyperkeratinization of follicles: Violation of the normal process of exfoliation of skin cells leads to their accumulation in hair follicles. These clusters, mixed with skin fat, form microcomedons – the precursors of acne. The imbalance in the differentiation of keratinocytes caused by growth factors and inflammatory mediators plays a key role in this process. Modern studies indicate the involvement of various types of keratins, as well as a change in the expression of genes associated with the differentiation of the epidermis.
• Excessive production of sebum (sebuma): Androgens, especially dihydrotestosterone (DGT), stimulate the sebaceous glands to excessive production of sebum. Skin fat, rich in lipids, creates a favorable environment for the propagation of bacteria C. acnes And contributes to the formation of comedones. It is important to note that the composition of sebum also plays a role: an increase in the share of squat and triglycerides can increase inflammatory processes. New studies consider the influence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance on sebogenesis.
• Colonization by bacteria Cutibacterium acnes: C. acnes – This is an anaerobic bacterium living in hair follicles. It breaks down the skin, releasing fatty acids that irritate the skin and cause inflammation. Different strains C. acnes They have different virulence. Some strains contribute to inflammation more than others. Studies of the skin microbioma with acne reveal dysbiosis – a change in balance between different types of bacteria, which can aggravate the course of acne. The role of other microorganisms, such as Malassezia spp., also studied.
• Inflammation: Inflammation is the key component of acne. Bacteria C. acnes Activate the immune system, causing the release of inflammatory mediators, such as Interleukin-1β (IL-1), a factor of tumor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). These mediators attract immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) to the affected areas, increasing inflammation and leading to the formation of papules, pustules and nodes. Studies show that TLR2 (Toll-Like Receptor 2), activated by components, also participate in the inflammatory process C. acnes.

1.2. Acne classification: from light to severe shape

Acne classification is necessary to determine the optimal treatment strategy. There are several classification systems, but the most common is the classification based on the type and number of lesions:

• Light form: Comedones prevail (black and white dots), with a small number of papules and pustules.
• Moderate form: More inflammatory elements (papules and pustules), comedones are present.
• Severe: Multiple inflammatory elements, nodes, cysts, scars.

There is also a classification based on the type of acne:

• Comedonal acne: Comedons prevail, there are few inflammatory elements.
• Papulo-Pustulose Acne: Papules and pustules prevail.
• Knot-acid acne: The most severe form characterized by the presence of nodes and cysts.
• Acne Inversna (purulent hydradenitis): Chronic inflammatory disease that affects the apocrine sweat glands is manifested by the formation of nodes, abscesses and scars, most often in the axillary hollows, inguinal region and the perianal region. Pathogenesis includes occlusion of hair follicles, dysbiosis and immune disorders.

1.3. Factors affecting the development of acne:

• Genetics: Heredity plays an important role in the predisposition to acne.
• Hormones: Androgens (testosterone, DGT) stimulate the production of sebum. Hormonal vibrations during puberty, menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause can affect the course of acne. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOU) is often associated with acne.
• Diet: Some studies indicate the connection between the use of products with a high glycemic index and dairy products with a deterioration in acne. Additional studies are needed to confirm these connections.
• Stress: Stress can aggravate acne by increasing the level of cortisol, which stimulates the production of sebum.
• Cosmetics: Comedogenic cosmetics can clog pores and contribute to the development of acne.
• Medicines: Some drugs (for example, corticosteroids, lithium) can cause acne.
• Environment: Air pollution can irritate the skin and aggravate acne.
• Smoking: Smoking is associated with an increase in the risk of acne development.

Section 2: Modern methods of treating acne: Revolution in therapy

Modern methods of treating acne are aimed at eliminating all four pathogenetic factors. They include both topical (for external use) and systemic (for oral administration) drugs, as well as various procedures.

2.1. Topic preparations: the basis of skin care with acne

Topic preparations are the first line of therapy for mild and moderate acne. They are available in various forms: creams, gels, lotions, foams and napkins.

• Retinoids: Retinoids (Tretinoin, adapal, tazaroten) are derivatives of vitamin A. They normalize the process of exfoliation of skin cells, prevent the formation of comedones and have anti -inflammatory effects. Retinoids are considered the “gold standard” in the treatment of acne. New generations of retinoids (for example, trifaroten) have improved tolerance.
• Benzoilperoxide: Benzoileroxide (BPO) has an antibacterial and anti -inflammatory effect. It destroys bacteria C. acnes And reduces the number of comedones. BPO is often used in combination with other topical drugs, such as retinoids or antibiotics, to increase the effectiveness of treatment. Various concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%) allow you to choose the optimal dosage depending on the sensitivity of the skin.
• Topic antibiotics: Topic antibiotics (clindamycin, erythromycin) suppress the growth of bacteria C. acnes. However, they should be used with caution, since prolonged use can lead to the development of bacterial resistance. It is recommended to use topical antibiotics in combination with benzoilexide to reduce the risk of resistance.
• Azelainic acid: Azelainic acid has anti -inflammatory, antibacterial and whitening effects. It reduces the number of comedones, papules and pustules, and also brightens the post-acne. Azelainic acid is well tolerated and can be used even with sensitive skin.
• Salicylic acid: Salicylic acid has a keratolytic effect, that is, exfoliates skin cells and prevents the formation of comedones. It also has an anti -inflammatory effect. Salicylic acid is often used in washing and skin tones with acne.
• DAPSON: Topic Dopson (5% gel) has anti -inflammatory and antibacterial effects. It is especially effective in the treatment of acne inflammatory elements.
• Clotrandinitrate: Topic closedinitrate has antibacterial and antifungal effects. Studies show its effectiveness in the treatment of acne, especially in the presence of Malassezia spp.

2.2. Systems: heavy artillery in the fight against acne

System preparations are used to treat a moderate and severe form of acne, as well as in cases when topical drugs do not give a sufficient effect.

• Systemic antibiotics: Systemic antibiotics (doxycycline, minocyclin, tetracycline) suppress the growth of bacteria C. acnes And they have an anti -inflammatory effect. They should be used with caution, since prolonged use can lead to the development of bacterial resistance. It is recommended to use systemic antibiotics in combination with topical retinoids and benzoilexide to reduce the risk of resistance and increase the effectiveness of treatment. Limeocyclin is a tetracycline antibiotic with good tolerance.
• Itrettyrein: Isotinoin (ACCUTAN, ROCCUTAN) is a derivative of vitamin A, which affects all four pathogenetic factors of acne. It reduces the production of skin fat, normalizes the process of exfoliation of skin cells, inhibits the growth of bacteria C. acnes And has an anti -inflammatory effect. Isotinoin is the most effective drug for the treatment of acne, but it has a number of side effects, including dry skin and mucous membranes, an increase in cholesterol and blood triglycerides, as well as teratogenic effects (can cause congenital defects in the fetus). Before starting treatment, isolatinoine must undergo an examination and get a doctor’s consultation. Women of childbearing age need to use reliable methods of contraception during treatment and within one month after its completion.
• Oral contraceptives: Oral contraceptives (OK) can be used to treat acne in women, especially in cases where acne is associated with hormonal disorders. OK contain estrogen and progestin, which reduce the level of androgens and reduce the production of sebum. OK with an antiandrogenic effect (for example, containing drospirenon, cyproterone acetate) are especially effective in the treatment of acne.
• Spironolactone: Spyronolactone is a diuretic, which also has an antiandrogenic effect. It blocks androgen receptors and reduces the production of sebum. Spyronolactone can be used to treat acne in women, especially in cases where acne is associated with hyperandrogenia.
• Corticosteroids: Corticosteroids (prednisone, dexamethasone) have a powerful anti -inflammatory effect. They can be used to treat severe acne, especially in the presence of components and cysts. However, corticosteroids have a number of side effects, so they should be used with caution and under the control of a doctor.

2.3. Acne treatment procedures: an integrated approach to the problem

In addition to topical and systemic drugs, there are a number of procedures that can be used to treat acne.

• Chemical peels: Chemical peels are procedures in which acid solutions are applied to the skin (for example, glycol, salicylic, milk), which exfoliate the upper layer of the skin and stimulate the renewal of cells. Chemical peels help reduce the number of comedones, papules and pustules, as well as lighten the post-acne.
• Laser treatment: Laser treatment can be used to treat acne in various ways. Ablation lasers (for example, CO2 laser) remove the upper layer of the skin and stimulate collagen production. Non -able lasers (for example, laser on dyes) reduce inflammation and suppress the growth of bacteria C. acnes. Laser treatment can also be used to remove scars of a post -acne.
• Phototherapy: Phototherapy (luminous) uses various types of light (for example, blue light, red light) for the treatment of acne. Blue light destroys bacteria C. acnesand red light reduces inflammation. Phototherapy is usually carried out several times a week for several weeks.
• Mechanical removal of comedones: Mechanical removal of comedones (extraction) is a procedure in which comedones are removed manually using special tools. This procedure should be carried out only by a qualified specialist to avoid damage to the skin and the formation of scars.
• Injections of corticosteroids: Injections of corticosteroids (for example, triamcinolone) can be used to treat large inflammatory elements of acne (nodes and cysts). The corticosteroid is introduced directly into the affected area, which quickly reduces inflammation and edema.
• Micronidling: Micronidling (dermaroller) is a procedure in which microscopic punctures are created on the skin using a special video with needles. Micronidling stimulates the production of collagen and elastin, which helps reduce the scars of the post -acne and improve the texture of the skin.
• Radio frequency therapy (RF): Radio frequency therapy uses radio frequency energy to heat the skin and stimulate collagen production. It can be used to treat acne and scars from a post -acne.
• Cryotherapy: Cryotherapy (cold treatment) can be used to treat acne inflammatory elements. Liquid nitrogen is applied to the affected areas, which causes freezing and destruction of tissues.

2.4. New directions in the treatment of acne: the future of pure skin

Currently, new methods of treating acne are actively developed, which promise to be more effective and safe.

• Microbium-oriented therapy: The microbia of the skin plays an important role in the development of acne. New treatment methods are being developed aimed at restoring the balance of the skin microbioma, for example, the use of probiotics and prebiotics. Transplantation of skin microbiots (TMK) is an experimental method in which a microbiotic of healthy skin is transplanted to the skin with acne.
• Target therapy: Targeted therapy is aimed at influencing certain molecules or paths involved in the pathogenesis of acne. For example, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) inhibitors are developed, which plays a key role in the inflammatory process.
• Nanotechnology: Nanotechnologies are used to create new dosage forms, which provide more effective delivery of drugs to the skin. For example, nanoparticles containing retinoids or benzoilexide are developed.
• Photodynamic therapy (FDT): FDT is a treatment method in which a photosensitizer is applied to the skin (a substance sensitive to light), and then the skin is irradiated with a light of a certain wavelength. The photosensitizer absorbs light and releases free radicals that destroy bacteria C. acnes And reduce inflammation.
• Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is aimed at modulating the immune system to combat acne. Vaccines are developed against C. acnesthat stimulate the immune response and prevent the development of acne.
• Botulinum toxin Type A (Botox): Botox can be used to reduce the production of sebum by inhibiting the action of acetylcholine on the sebaceous glands.
• Biological drugs: Biological preparations (for example, TNF-α inhibitors) can be used to treat a severe form of acne resistant to other treatment methods.
• Lipase inhibitors: Lipaza is an enzyme that breaks down the skin. Lipase inhibitors can reduce the production of free fatty acids that irritate the skin and cause inflammation.
• Plant extracts: Some plant extracts (for example, green tea extract, chamomile extract) have anti -inflammatory and antibacterial effects. They can be used as part of topical agents to treat acne.
• Soluble microdes: Soluble microdes are an innovative system for the delivery of drugs to the skin. Microdies containing active ingredients dissolve in the skin, ensuring their penetration into the deep layers of the epidermis and dermis.

Section 3: Individual approach to acne treatment: Key to success

Acne treatment should be individual and take into account the type of acne, severity, patient age, the presence of concomitant diseases and the preferences of the patient.

3.1. Diagnostics and assessment of skin condition:

• A history of anamnesis: The doctor collects information about the onset of the disease, factors aggravating acne, previous treatment and concomitant diseases.
• Physical inspection: The doctor evaluates the type of acne, severity, the presence of scars and pigmentation.
• Additional research: In some cases, additional studies may be required, such as a blood test for hormones (testosterone, DGT, DGEA-S) or sowing on the bacterial flora.
• Dermatoscopy: Dermatoscopy is a method of skin examination using a special device (dermatoscope), which allows you to see the structure of the skin in an enlarged form. Dermatoscopy can be useful for diagnosing acne and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

3.2. Development of a treatment plan:

• Light form of acne: It is recommended to use topical preparations such as retinoids, benzoilexide, azelainic acid or salicylic acid.
• Acne moderate form: It is recommended to use a combination of topical drugs, such as retinoids and benzoilexide, or topical antibiotics with benzoilexide. In some cases, system antibiotics may be required.
• Heavy form of acne: It is recommended to prescribe isotinin. In some cases, it may require a combination of isotinoid with systemic antibiotics or corticosteroids.
• Supporting therapy: After reaching remission, it is recommended to continue to use topical retinoids to maintain the results of treatment and prevent relapse.

3.3. Skin care with acne:

• Cleansing: It is necessary to clean the skin twice a day with a soft cleansing agent without aggressive ingredients.
• Moisturization: Even the skin with acne needs moisturizing. It is recommended to use a non -comedogenic moisturizer.
• Sun protection: Sunscreen cream must be used daily, even in cloudy weather. It is recommended to use a non -comedogenic sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher.
• Avoid comedogenic cosmetics: It is necessary to avoid the use of comedogenic cosmetics, which can clog pores and contribute to the development of acne.
• Do not squeeze acne: Squeezing acne can lead to inflammation and formation of scars.
• Healthy lifestyle: A balanced diet, a sufficient amount of sleep and a decrease in stress can improve the condition of the skin.

3.4. Monitoring and treatment correction:

• Regular examinations: It is necessary to regularly visit a doctor to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and correction of the treatment plan if necessary.
• Evaluation of side effects: It is necessary to inform the doctor about any side effects associated with treatment.
• Adaptation of treatment: The treatment plan may be required to adapt depending on the patient’s response to treatment and changes in the condition of the skin.

Section 4: Acne prevention: It is easier to prevent than treat

Acne prevention includes compliance with skin care rules, a healthy lifestyle and avoiding factors aggravating acne.

4.1. Proper skin care:

• Regular purification: Clean the skin twice a day with a soft cleansing agent to remove excess sebum, pollution and makeup.
• Avoid aggressive washing tools: Avoid the use of hard scrubs and alcohol -containing tonics that can irritate the skin and aggravate acne.
• Use non -comedogenic means: Choose cosmetics and skin care products that are marked as “non -comic” (do not clog pores).
• Moisturize the skin: Even oily skin needs moisturizing. Use a light, non -comedogenic moisturizer.
• Protect the skin from the sun: Use Supreme Cream with SPF 30 or higher every day, even in cloudy weather.
• Do not touch or squeeze acne: This can lead to inflammation, infection and the formation of scars.

4.2. Healthy lifestyle:

• Balanced nutrition: Try to adhere to a healthy, balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
• Limit the consumption of products with a high glycemic index and dairy products: Some studies show that these products can aggravate acne in some people.
• Drink enough water: Maintaining the water balance helps to keep the skin healthy and moisturized.
• Regular physical exercises: Physical exercises help reduce stress and improve the general health, which can positively affect the condition of the skin.
• Sufficient sleep: Try to sleep 7-8 hours every night. The lack of sleep can aggravate stress and influence the hormonal balance, which can lead to acne.
• Stress management: Find the ways to cope with stress, such as yoga, meditation, walking in nature or communication with friends and family.

4.3. Avoiding factors aggravating acne:

• Comedogenic cosmetics: Avoid the use of cosmetics containing comedogenic ingredients, such as lanolin, mineral oil and some dyes.
• Some drugs: Some drugs, such as corticosteroids, lithium and anticonvulsants, can cause acne. If you suspect that your medicine calls acne, talk with your doctor.
• Friction and pressure: Avoid friction and pressure on the skin, for example, from hats, sports equipment or telephone conversations.
• Air pollution: Avoid exposure to contaminated air, which can irritate the skin and aggravate acne.
• Smoking: Smoking is associated with an increased risk of acne development.

4.4. The role of a diet in the prevention of acne:

The question of the influence of a diet on acne remains the subject of disputes. However, some studies show that certain products can aggravate acne in some people.

• Products with a high glycemic index: Products with a high glycemic index (for example, white bread, sweets, carbonated drinks) can cause leaps for blood sugar levels, which leads to an increase in the production of skin fat and inflammation.
• Dairy products: Some studies show that dairy products can aggravate acne in some people, possibly due to the content of hormones and growth factors.
• Fat foods: The use of a large amount of fat products can increase the production of sebum and aggravate acne.

It is important to note that the influence of the diet on acne can be individual. It is recommended to keep a food diary and note which products worsen the condition of your skin.

Section 5: Psychological aspects of acne: invisible scar

Acne can have a significant impact on human mental health. People with acne often experience:

• Low self -esteem: Acne can cause a sense of inferiority and self -doubt, especially in adolescence.
• Social anxiety: People with acne can avoid social situations, fearing condemnation and ridicule.
• Depression: Acne can lead to depression and other mental disorders.
• Shame and embarrassment: People with acne often experience shame and embarrassment because of their appearance.
• Distorted perception of your body: Acne can lead to a distorted perception of his body and dissatisfaction with his appearance.

5.1. The importance of psychological support:

It is important to understand that acne is not just a cosmetic problem, but a disease that can have a significant effect on the quality of human life. Psychological support can be very useful for people with acne.

• Consultation of a psychologist or psychotherapist: A psychologist or psychotherapist can help a person with acne cope with negative emotions, increase self -esteem and improve social adaptation.
• Support groups: Participation in support groups can help a person with acne feel less lonely and get support from other people who are faced with similar problems.
• Support for family and friends: Support for family and friends can be very important for a person with acne. It is important that close people understand that acne is a disease, and not just “tuning”, and support and sympathy.

5.2. Strategies for overcoming psychological problems associated with acne:

• Focus on what you love in yourself: Start by remembering and write down all those qualities and features that you like in yourself.
• Avoid comparing yourself with others: Do not compare yourself with other people, especially with those whom you see on social networks. Remember that most photographs on social networks are edited and do not reflect reality.
• Take care of yourself: Take a pleasure that brings you and helps you relax.
• Talk about your feelings: Do not be afraid to talk about your feelings with friends, family or psychologist.
• Remember that acne is a temporary phenomenon: Most people with acne recover over time.
• Be patient to yourself: Acne treatment can take time. Be patient to yourself and do not be upset if you do not see the results at once.
• Turn to the specialist for help: If you experience strong negative emotions associated with acne, seek help from a psychologist or psychotherapist.

Section 6: acne and scars: Prevention and treatment of consequences

Acne can lead to the formation of scars on the skin. The scars are post -acne can be atrophic (pressed), hypertrophic (convex) or keloid.

6.1. Prevention of scars are post -acne:

• Timely and effective treatment of acne: The sooner you begin to treat acne, the less likely the formation of scars.
• Avoid squeezing acne: Squeezing acne can lead to inflammation and damage to the skin, which increases the risk of scarring.
• Protect the skin from the sun: Ultraviolet radiation can aggravate the scars of the post -acne.
• Avoid aggressive procedures: Aggressive procedures, such as deep peeling and laser grinding, can damage the skin and increase the risk of scarring.

6.2. Methods for the treatment of scars are post -acne:

There are many methods of treating scars from a post -acne, but none of them can completely remove the scars. The purpose of treatment is to reduce the severity of scars and improve the appearance of the skin.

• Topic retinoids: Topic retinoids can stimulate collagen production and improve the skin texture.
• Chemical peels: Chemical peels can exfoliate the upper layer of the skin and stimulate cell renovation.
• Micodermabrase: Micodermabrazia is a procedure in which the upper layer of the skin exfoliates using a special apparatus with microcrystals.
• Micronidling: Micronidling stimulates the production of collagen and elastin, which helps reduce the scars of the post -acne and improve the texture of the skin.
• Laser treatment: Laser treatment can be used to treat scars in various ways. Ablation lasers (for example, CO2 laser) remove the upper layer of the skin and stimulate collagen production. Non -able lasers (for example, fractional laser) stimulate the production of collagen and elastin, without damaging the upper layer of the skin.
• Subcision: Subcisia is a procedure in which the scars are post -acne are separated from the underlying fabrics using a special needle. This helps to improve blood supply to the skin and stimulate collagen production.
• Filling scars (fillers): Fillers (for example, hyaluronic acid) can be used to fill atrophic scars and align the surface of the skin.
• Skin transplant (graft): Skin transplant can be used to treat large and deep scars of the post -acne.
• Surgical excision: Surgical excision can be used to remove individual scars of the post -acne.

The choice of the method of treatment of scars is post -acne depends on the type of scars, their severity and individual characteristics of the patient. It is important to consult a doctor to choose the most suitable treatment method.

Section 7: New studies and prospects in the treatment of acne:

Scientific research in the field of acne continues, and new interesting data and prospects in the treatment of this disease appear.

• The role of intestinal microbioma: More and more studies confirm the relationship between the state of intestinal microbioma and skin diseases, including acne. Intestinal dysbiosis can affect inflammatory processes in the body and aggravate acne. Studies show that probiotics and prebiotics can improve the condition of the skin with acne.
• The influence of environmental pollution: Air pollution, especially with solid particles, can aggravate acne. Polluted particles can penetrate the pores of the skin and cause inflammation. It is important to protect the skin from environmental pollution using antioxidant serums and carefully cleansing the skin in the evening.
• Personalized medicine: A personalized approach to the treatment of acne is becoming more and more relevant. Given the individual characteristics of the patient, such as genetics, hormonal background and skin microbia, you can choose the most effective treatment plan.
• Artificial intelligence (AI) in the diagnosis and treatment of acne: AI can be used to analyze skin photographs and automatic diagnostics of acne, as well as to develop personalized treatment plans.

Section 8: Alternative and additional methods of treating acne:

Some people use alternative and additional methods of treating acne, such as herbs, vitamins and acupuncture. It is important to remember that the effectiveness of these methods is not always confirmed by scientific research, and they should be used with caution.

• Herbs: Some herbs, such as a tea tree, chamomile and calendula, have anti -inflammatory and antibacterial properties. They can be used as part of topical agents for the treatment of acne.
• Vitamins and minerals: Some vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin A, vitamin E, zinc and selenium, can play a role in skin health. However, before taking additives with vitamins and minerals, it is necessary to consult a doctor.
• Acupuncture: Acupuncture is a treatment method in which thin needles are introduced into certain points on the body. Some people claim to