The effect of dietary supplement on the intestinal microflora

The effect of dietary supplements on the intestinal microflora: extensive analysis

Chapter 1: The basics of intestinal microflora and its significance

1. 1 Ecosystem inside us: Review of intestinal microbiots

   1. 1. 1 Composition and diversity: The intestinal microflora (microbiota) is a complex and dynamic community of microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract). It includes bacteria, archeas, mushrooms, viruses and protozoa, and bacteria make up the main part. The variety of species composition is huge: there are trillions of microorganisms related to hundreds and thousands of different types. Bacteria prevailing belonging to the types of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. The ratio between these types, as well as the presence of specific species, varies depending on various factors, such as age, diet, genetics, geographical position and health status.
   2. 1. 2 Localization: The distribution of microorganisms in the digestive tract is uneven. The greatest concentration is observed in the large intestine, where favorable conditions are created for the growth and propagation of bacteria. The small intestine contains significantly less microorganisms due to a faster transit of food and the presence of antimicrobial substances, such as bile acids and lysozyme. The stomach, due to its acidic environment, also limits the growth of many microorganisms, although some species, such as Helicobacter pyloriable to survive and colonize this environment.
   3. 1. 3 Stability and dynamism: Despite the relative stability in an adult, the intestinal microbiota is a dynamic system that is constantly undergoing changes under the influence of external and internal factors. The diet plays a key role in the formation of the composition and functions of microbiots. Other factors, such as taking drugs (especially antibiotics), stress, physical activity and environmental effects, can also have a significant impact.

2. 2 Vital functions microbiota: role in human health

   1. 2. 1 Digestion and metabolism: The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in digesting and assimilating nutrients, especially those that cannot be digested by human enzymes. Bacteria is fermented by undigested carbohydrates, such as fiber, with the formation of short -chain fatty acids (KCHK), such as acetate, propionate and butyrate. KCHK is the main source of energy for the cells of the large intestine (colonocytes) and have a systemic effect on the body, affecting the metabolism of glucose, lipids and immune function. Microbiota is also involved in the synthesis of vitamins (for example, vitamin K and vitamins of group B) and amino acids.
   2. 2. 2 Immune system: The intestinal microbiota plays a critical role in the development and functioning of the immune system. It contributes to the ripening of immune cells, regulates the immune response and protects against pathogenic microorganisms. The interaction between the microbiota and the immune system occurs through various mechanisms, including the activation of the Toll-like receptors (TLR) on immune cells, antimicrobial peptides products and competition with pathogens for nutrients and places of adhesion. The imbalance in microbiots (dysbiosis) can lead to impaired immune function and increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases.
   3. 2. 3 Pathogenic protection: The intestinal microbiota provides protection against pathogenic microorganisms due to several mechanisms. Firstly, it competes with pathogens for the nutrients and places of adhesion on the intestinal mucosa, preventing their colonization. Secondly, it produces antimicrobials, such as bacteriocins that suppress growth or kill pathogenic bacteria. Thirdly, it stimulates the immune system, enhancing its ability to fight infections.
   4. 2. 4 Influence on the nervous system: The connection between the intestines and the brain, known as the “intestinal axis”, is a double-destroyed system of communication, through which the intestinal microbiota can affect the function of the brain and vice versa. Microbiota can affect the brain through various paths, including neurotransmitter products (for example, serotonin and dopamine), metabolites (for example, KCHK) and activation of the vagus nerve. Violations in the composition and functions of microbiota can be associated with various neurological and mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety, autism and Parkinson’s disease.
   5. 2. 5 Other functions: In addition to the above, the intestinal microbiota is involved in the regulation of appetite, metabolism of drugs, maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier and detoxification of harmful substances. Disorders in the composition and functions of microbiota can be associated with a wide range of diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory intestinal diseases (BCC) and cancer.

3. 3 Dysbiosis: violation of the balance and its consequences

   1. 3. 1 Definition and reasons: Dysbiosis (dysbiosis) is a violation of the normal composition and functions of the intestinal microbiots. It is characterized by a decrease in the variety of the microbial community, a change in the ratio between different types of bacteria and the appearance of pathogenic or conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. Dysbacteriosis can be caused by various factors, including antibiotics, malnutrition, stress, infections, chronic diseases and immunodeficiency conditions.
   2. 3. 2 Clinical manifestations: Symptoms of dysbiosis can be diverse and depend on the degree and nature of disorders in the microbiote. The most common symptoms include digestive disorders (diarrhea, constipation, bloating, abdominal pain), increased fatigue, reduction of immunity, allergic reactions and skin rashes. In severe cases, dysbiosis can lead to the development of more serious diseases, such as OKK, irritable intestines (SRK) and sepsis.
   3. 3. 3 Diagnosis: Diagnosis of dysbiosis includes a fecal analysis on a microflora, which allows you to evaluate the composition and number of different types of bacteria. Other research methods can also be used, such as the analysis of breathing on hydrogen and methane (to detect excessive bacterial growth in the small intestine) and colonoscopy with biopsy (to assess the state of the intestinal mucosa).
   4. 3. 4 Treatment: Treatment of dysbiosis is aimed at restoring the normal composition and functions of microbiota. It includes a change in the diet (an increase in fiber consumption, a decrease in sugar consumption and processed products), taking probiotics and prebiotics, as well as, in some cases, the use of antibiotics to suppress the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. In severe cases, a transplant of fecal microbiots (FMT) may be required.

Chapter 2: Bades: Review and Classification

2. 1 What are dietary supplements: definition and regulation

   2. 1. 1 Definition: Biologically active additives (dietary supplements) are concentrates of natural or identical to natural biologically active substances, designed for direct intake or introduction into food products in order to enrich the ration with individual food or biologically active substances and their complexes. Unlike drugs, dietary supplements are not intended for the treatment of diseases.
   3. 1. 2 Regulation: The regulation of dietary supplements varies depending on the country. In most countries, dietary supplements are not subject to the same strict verification and approval as drugs. In Russia, the regulation of dietary supplements is carried out by Rospotrebnadzor. Dad manufacturers are required to provide documentation confirming the safety and efficiency of products.

3. 2 Classification of dietary supplements: main groups

   5. 2. 1 Vitamins and minerals: This group of dietary supplements contains various vitamins (A, C, D, E, B vitamins, etc.) and minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, etc.). They are designed to replenish the deficiency of these substances in the body.
   6. 2. 2 Probiotics and prebiotics: Probiotics are living microorganisms, which, when used in sufficient quantities, have a positive effect on the health of the owner. Prebiotics are substances that are not digested in the upper gastrointestinal tract, but stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine.
   7. 2. 3 Plant extracts: This group of dietary supplements contain extracts of various plants with biological activity. Examples: Echinacea extract, ginkgo biloba extract, milk thistle extract.
   8. 2. 4 Amino acids: This group of dietary supplements contain various amino acids that are building proteins. Examples: Glutamin, Arginine, BCAA.
   9. 2. 5 Fatty acids: This group of dietary supplements contains polyunsaturated fatty acids (PNS), such as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. They have a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, brain and other organs.
   10. 2. 6 Enzymes: This group of dietary supplements contain enzymes that participate in digestion. Examples: amylase, protease, lipase.
   11. 2. 7 Other dietary supplements: This group includes dietary supplements containing other biologically active substances, such as Q10 coenzyme, chondroitin, glucosamine, inulin, etc.

4. 3 Popularity and reasons for the use of dietary supplements

   6. 3. 1 Growing demand: The use of dietary supplements is becoming more and more popular all over the world. This is due to several factors, including a growing interest in a healthy lifestyle, the desire to prevent diseases, increase life expectancy and accessibility of dietary supplements in various forms (capsules, tablets, powders, fluids).
   7. 3. 2 Consumer motivation: Consumers use dietary supplements for various reasons. Some people use them to replenish the deficiency of nutrients, especially if their diet is limited or unbalanced. Others use dietary supplements to improve sports results, increase energy, strengthen immunity or improve the general state of health. Many people also use dietary supplements to treat or prevent specific diseases, although the effectiveness of many dietary supplements has not been proven for this purpose.
   8. 3. 3 Marketing and commercials: Marketing and advertising play an important role in the popularization of dietary supplements. Many companies use aggressive marketing strategies to convince consumers of the efficiency and safety of their products. Often advertising of dietary supplements contains exaggerated or unproven statements about health benefits.

Chapter 3: The influence of various groups of dietary supplements on the intestinal microflora

6. 1 Probiotics: support and restoration of microflora

   9. 1. 1 Action mechanisms: Probiotics have a positive effect on the intestinal microflora through several mechanisms. Firstly, they compete with pathogenic microorganisms for the nutrients and places of adhesion on the intestinal mucosa, preventing their colonization. Secondly, they produce antimicrobials, such as bacteriocins that suppress growth or kill pathogenic bacteria. Thirdly, they stimulate the immune system, enhancing its ability to fight infections. Fourth, they improve the function of the intestinal barrier, preventing the penetration of pathogens and toxins into the blood.
   10. 1. 2 STED specificity: The effectiveness of probiotics depends on the strain, dose and individual characteristics of the body. Not all probiotic strains are equally effective. Some strains are more effective in the treatment of diarrhea, others in improving immunity, and others in a decrease in inflammation. It is important to choose probiotics containing strains, the effectiveness of which is proved in clinical studies.
   11. 1. 3 Clinical research: Clinical studies have shown that probiotics can be effective in the treatment and prevention of various diseases associated with impaired intestinal microflora, such as diarrhea caused by antibiotics, irritable intestinal syndrome (SPK), inflammatory intestinal diseases (BCC) and infections) and infections and infections) Clostridium difficile.
   12. 1. 4 Side effects: Probiotics are usually safe for most people. However, in some people they can cause side effects, such as bloating, gases and diarrhea. These side effects usually pass on their own after a few days. In rare cases, probiotics can cause more serious side effects, such as infections, especially in people with a weakened immune system.

7. 2 Prebiotics: nutrition for beneficial bacteria

   13. 2. 1 Action mechanisms: Prebiotics are food for beneficial bacteria in the intestines. They stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria, such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, which leads to an improvement in the composition of microflora and its functions. Prebiotics are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine with the formation of short -chain fatty acids (KCHK), which have a positive effect on the health of the host.
   14. 2. 2 Types of prebiotics: The most common types of prebiotics include inulin, fruitoligosaccharides (phos), galactooligosaccharides (state) and lactulose. Inolin and phos are contained in many fruits, vegetables and cereals, such as chicory, onions, garlic, artichokes and wheat. GOS is found in dairy products, and lactulose is a synthetic prebiotic.
   15. 2. 3 Clinical research: Clinical studies have shown that prebiotics can be effective in improving the composition of microflora, reducing the risk of diarrhea and constipation, improving immune function and reducing blood cholesterol.
   16. 2. 4 Side effects: Prebiotics are usually safe for most people. However, in some people they can cause side effects, such as bloating, gases and diarrhea. These side effects usually pass on their own after a few days.

8. 3 Vitamins and minerals: dual influence

   17. 3. 1 Influence on the growth and metabolism of bacteria: Vitamins and minerals play an important role in the growth and metabolism of bacteria in the intestines. Some vitamins and minerals, such as B vitamins, vitamin K, iron and zinc, are necessary for the growth and functioning of certain types of bacteria. The deficiency of these substances can lead to a violation of the composition of microflora.
   18. 3. 2 Changes in the composition of microflora: High doses of some vitamins and minerals can have a negative effect on the intestinal microflora. For example, excessive iron consumption can contribute to the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as They exhibited chill And Salmonellaand increase the risk of infections. High doses of vitamin C can have an antibacterial effect and suppress the growth of beneficial bacteria.
   19. 3. 3 The role in maintaining immunity: Some vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc and selenium, play an important role in maintaining immune function. They can enhance the immune response and protect against infections. Maintaining an adequate level of these substances in the body can help maintain a healthy microflora.
   20. 3. 4 Examples of research: Studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency can be associated with a violation of the composition of microflora and an increased risk of OPC development. Vitamin D may improve the composition of the microflora and reduce inflammation in the intestine. Studies also showed that zinc can have an antibacterial effect and suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

9. 4 Plant extracts: multidirectional effects

   21. 4. 1 Antimicrobial properties: Many plant extracts have antimicrobial properties and can suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines. For example, garlic extract, oregano extract and thyme extract contain compounds that have antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal effects.
   22. 4. 2 Prebiotic effect: Some plant extracts contain prebiotic substances, such as inulin and phos that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines. For example, chicory extract, artichoke extract and dandelion extract contain inolin, which is food for bifidobacteria.
   23. 4. 3 Influence on the variety of microflora: The influence of plant extracts on the variety of microflora can be different. Some extracts can reduce the variety of microflora by suppressing the growth of certain types of bacteria. Other extracts can increase the variety of microflora by stimulating the growth of various types of bacteria.
   24. 4. 4 Examples and research: Studies have shown that green tea extract can have a positive effect on the intestinal microflora, increasing the amount of bifidobacteria and reducing the amount of pathogenic bacteria. Cranberry extract can prevent adhesion E. coli to the intestinal mucosa and reduce the risk of urinary tract infections.

10. 5 Amino acids: role in nutrition microbiota

    25. 5. 1 Sources of nitrogen and carbon: Amino acids are important sources of nitrogen and carbon for bacteria in the intestines. Bacteria use amino acids for the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids and other molecules necessary for the life.
    26. 5. 2 The effect on the metabolism of bacteria: Various amino acids can have a different effect on the metabolism of bacteria in the intestines. For example, glutamate is an important source of energy for many types of bacteria. Arginine can stimulate the growth of certain types of bacteria, such as Lactobacillus. Triptofan is the predecessor of serotonin, neurotransmitter, who plays an important role in the regulation of mood and appetite.
    27. 5. 3 Metabolite products: Bacteria can metabolize amino acids with the formation of various metabolites that affect the health of the owner. For example, the metabolism of tryptophan can lead to the formation of an indole, which has antioxidant and anti -inflammatory properties. Arginine metabolism can lead to the formation of nitrogen oxide, which plays an important role in the regulation of blood flow and immune function.
    28. 5. 4 Examples of research: Studies have shown that a high -protein diet can lead to a change in the composition of microflora and an increase in the amount of bacteria that metabolize amino acids with the formation of harmful metabolites, such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. These metabolites can have a toxic effect on the intestinal cells and contribute to the development of OKK.

11. 6 Fatty acids: effect on the balance of microflora

    29. 6. 1 Influence on the growth and survival of bacteria: Fatty acids affect the growth and survival of bacteria in the intestine. Some fatty acids, such as short -chain fatty acids (KCHK), have a positive effect on the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Other fatty acids, such as saturated fatty acids, can contribute to the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
    30. 6. 2 Changing the lipid metabolism of bacteria: Fatty acids can change the lipid metabolism of bacteria. Some bacteria can synthesize fatty acids that are used to build cell membranes. Other bacteria can metabolize fatty acids with energy formation.
    31. 6. 3 Anti -inflammatory properties: Some fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids, have anti-inflammatory properties and can reduce inflammation in the intestines. Omega-3 fatty acids can suppress the products of pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulate the products of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
    32. 6. 4 Examples of research: Studies have shown that a high content of omega-3 fatty acids can improve the composition of microflora, increase the amount of bifidobacteria and reduce the amount of pathogenic bacteria. Omega-3 fatty acids can also reduce the risk of OZK.

12. 7 Enzymes: Improving digestion and effect on microflora

    33. 7. 1 The splitting of complex molecules: Enzymes play an important role in digestion, splitting complex molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats, into simpler molecules that can be learned by the body. The disadvantage of enzymes can lead to digestion and undigested food residues, which can be fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.
    34. 7. 2 Influence on the availability of nutrients: Enzymes can affect the availability of nutrients for bacteria in the intestines. For example, enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates, such as fiber, can increase the amount of short -chain fatty acids (KCHK), which are a source of energy for colonocytes and beneficial bacteria.
    35. 7. 3 Changing the composition of microflora: The undigested food remains that are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine can lead to a change in the composition of microflora. Some bacteria can use undigested food residues for growth and reproduction, while other bacteria can be suppressed.
    36. 7. 4 Examples of research: Studies have shown that the addition of enzymes for food can improve digestion, reduce bloating and improve the composition of microflora. Enzymes that break down lactose can be useful for people with lactose intolerance, as they help to digest lactose and prevent the development of intolerance symptoms.

Chapter 4: Factors that determine the effect of dietary supplements on the intestinal microflora

13. 1 Dose and duration of the reception:

    37. 1. 1 Dose effect dependence: The effect of dietary supplements on the intestinal microflora can depend on the dose. Low doses can have a minimal effect, while high doses can have a more pronounced effect, both positive and negative. It is important to observe the recommended dosage indicated on the package of the dietary supplement.
    38. 1. 2 Duration of reception and stability of changes: The duration of dietary supplement can also affect its effect on the microflora. A short -term technique can have a temporary effect, while a long -term reception can lead to more stable changes in the composition of the microflora. It is important to remember that after the cessation of the intake of the dietary supplement, the microflora can return to his original state.

14. 2 Individual characteristics of the body:

    39. 2. 1 The composition of the initial microflora: The composition of the initial intestinal microflora can affect how the body will react to the intake of dietary supplements. In people with different composition, microflora of the same dietary supplement can cause different effects.
    40. 2. 2 Genetic factors: Genetic factors can also play a role in determining the effect of dietary supplement on microflora. Some people can be more susceptible to the influence of certain dietary supplements than others.
    41. 2. 3 Health status: Human health can affect how dietary supplements affect the microflora. People with gastrointestinal diseases or a weakened immune system can be more sensitive to dietary supplies.

15. 3 Interaction with other substances:

    42. 3. 1 Medicines: Bades can interact with drugs and change their effects on the intestinal microflora. For example, taking antibiotics, along with probiotics, can reduce the risk of developing diarrhea caused by antibiotics.
    43. 3. 2 Food: Food can also affect how dietary supplements affect the microflora. For example, the use of a large amount of fiber along with prebiotics can enhance their positive effect on microflora.
    44. 3. 3 Other dietary supplements: Joint reception of several dietary supplements can lead to interactions and change their effects on the microflora. It is important to consult a doctor or nutritionist before taking several dietary supplements at the same time.

Chapter 5: Research and evidence

16. 1 A review of scientific research:

    45. 1. 1 Meta-analyzes and systematic reviews: The meta-analyzes and systematic reviews combine the results of several studies and allow you to obtain more reliable conclusions about the effect of dietary supplements on the intestinal microflora.
    46. 1. 2 Clinical trials: Clinical tests are carried out to assess the effectiveness and safety of dietary supplements. During clinical trials, the effect of dietary supplements on the intestinal microflora with the effect of placebo (dummy) is compared.
    47. 1. 3 Animal research: Animal studies allow you to study the mechanisms of the effects of dietary supplements on the intestinal microflora.

17. 2 Key results and conclusions:

    48. 2. 1 Probiotics: Clinical studies have shown that probiotics can be effective in the treatment and prevention of diarrhea caused by antibiotics, irritable bowel syndrome (SPK) and inflammatory intestinal diseases (BCC).
    49. 2. 2 Prebiotics: Clinical studies have shown that prebiotics can improve the composition of microflora, reduce the risk of diarrhea and constipation, improve immune function and reduce blood cholesterol.
    50. 2. 3 Other dietary supplements: Clinical studies have shown that some vitamins, minerals and plant extracts can have a positive effect on the intestinal microflora. However, additional studies are necessary to confirm these results.

18. 3 Restrictions and gaps in research:

    51. 3. 1 Lack of standardization: There is a lack of standardization in dietary supplements. Different studies use different doses, strains and duration of dietary supplements, which complicates the comparison of the results.
    52. 3. 2 Insufficient number of large studies: Insufficient number of large studies with a large number of participants. Most dietary supplements have a small number of participants, which reduces the statistical significance of the results.
    53. 3. 3 Lack of studies of long -term effects: Lack of studies of long -term effects of taking dietary supplements on the intestinal microflora. It is necessary to conduct long -term research to assess the safety and efficiency of dietary supplements with prolonged use.

Chapter 6: Practical recommendations

19. 1 Choice of dietary supplements: criteria and precautions:

    54. 1. 1 Consultation with a doctor: Before taking a dietary supplement, it is necessary to consult a doctor or nutritionist. The doctor can help determine whether you need a dietary supplement, and choose the most suitable product.
    55. 1. 2 The choice of a reliable manufacturer: It is important to choose dietary supplements from reliable manufacturers who have a good reputation and comply with quality standards.
    56. 1. 3 A careful study of the composition: It is necessary to carefully study the composition of the dietary supplement and make sure that it does not contain harmful or undesirable ingredients.
    57. 1. 4 Compliance with the recommended dosage: It is important to observe the recommended dosage indicated on the package of the dietary supplement.

20. 2 Integration of dietary supplements in a healthy lifestyle:

    58. 2. 1 Balanced nutrition: Bades should not replace a balanced diet. It is important to adhere to a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, cereals and low -fat protein sources.
    59. 2. 2 Regular physical activity: Regular physical activity helps to maintain a healthy intestinal microflora.
    60. 2. 3 Stress management: Stress can have a negative effect on the intestinal microflora. It is important to find stress control methods such as yoga, meditation or walking in the fresh air.

21. 3 Monitoring and Evaluation of effects:

    61. 3. 1 Observation of symptoms: During the reception of dietary supplements, it is necessary to observe your symptoms and mark any changes.
    62. 3. 2 Consultation with a doctor with a deterioration of condition: When a health state worsens, you must consult a doctor.
    63. 3. 3 Analyzes for evaluating microflora (if necessary): In some cases, it may be advisable to conduct tests to evaluate the intestinal microflora before and after taking Bad.

Chapter 7: Future research areas

22. 1 Personalized microbiota:

    64. 1. 1 Individual selection of dietary supplements: In the future, an individual selection of dietary supplements based on an analysis of intestinal microflora will become possible. This will make it possible to use dietary supplement to improve health.
    65. 1. 2 Predicting the response to dietary supplements: Development of algorithms for predicting response to dietary supplements based on genetic factors and composition of microflora.

23. 2 New types of dietary supplements:

    66. 2. 1 Postbiotics: Postbiotics are metabolites of bacteria that have a positive effect on the health of the owner. Development of dietary supplements based on postbiotics.
    67. 2. 2 Fagotherapy: Phagotherapy is the use of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to treat bacterial infections. Development of bacteriophage -based dietary supplements.

24. 3 Microflora analysis technologies:

    68. 3. 1 More accurate and affordable analysis methods: Development of more accurate and affordable methods of analysis of intestinal microflora, which will more effectively monitor the state of microflora and evaluate the effectiveness of dietary supplements.
    69. 3. 2 Integration of microbiotic data with other data: Integration of microbiote data with other health data (genetic data, nutrition data, physical activity data) to obtain a more complete picture of human health.

This detailed article covers the intricate relationship between dietary supplements (БАДы) and the gut microbiota, meticulously exploring various aspects of this interaction. The structure is designed for easy comprehension, with well-defined chapters and sub-sections. Each section provides a comprehensive overview, drawing on scientific evidence and research findings to support its claims. The article also acknowledges the limitations of current research and proposes future directions for investigation. This allows for a nuanced and well-rounded perspective on the topic.