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## How Do You Make a Biology Poster?
To make a biology poster, follow these steps:
– Choose a topic related to biology, such as photosynthesis, genetics or cell structure.
– Plan the layout of the poster, including the title, introduction, body sections, and conclusion.
– Collect relevant images, diagrams, and infographics to visually represent your topic.
– Write concise and informative text for each section, highlighting the key points.
– Use clear and legible fonts to ensure the text is easy to read from a distance.
– Organize the content logically and use headings, subheadings, and bullet points to break up the text.
– Incorporate color schemes that are visually appealing and help guide the viewer’s eye.
– Proofread the text and check for any spelling or grammatical errors.
– Add a clear and concise title that accurately reflects the content of the poster.
– Consider adding a bibliography or references section if you have used external sources.
– Print the poster on high-quality paper, and consider laminating it for durability.
Remember to keep the design visually appealing, informative, and easy to understand for your audience. So I hope you got an idea about – Biology and the Four Main Branches of Biological and How Do You Make a Biology Poster?
## Nutrition in human Beings:- Class 10 NCERT SCIENCE Notes, Answers
Nutrition in Human Beings
Nutrition is the process of obtaining and preparing food to be used by living organisms for growth, repair, and energy. The main nutrients required for proper nutrition in human beings are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
1. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body. They are found in foods such as bread, rice, pasta, and fruits. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is used by the body for energy.
2. Proteins: Proteins are essential for the growth and repair of body tissues. They are found in foods such as meat, fish, eggs, and beans. Proteins are broken down into amino acids, which are used by the body to build and repair tissues.
3. Fats: Fats are another source of energy and are also important for the absorption of vitamins. They are found in foods such as butter, oils, and nuts. Fats are broken down into fatty acids, which are used by the body for energy and other functions.
4. Vitamins: Vitamins are essential for the body’s metabolism and overall health. They are found in foods such as fruits and vegetables. Vitamins are needed in small amounts, but they play a crucial role in the body’s functions.
5. Minerals: Minerals are important for the proper functioning of the body. They are found in foods such as meat, dairy products, and whole grains. Minerals help in the formation of bones and teeth, nerve function, and other body functions.
Nutrition Guidelines:
– Eat a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods from all food groups.
– Limit intake of sugary and high-fat foods.
– Include plenty of fruits and vegetables in your diet.
– Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated.
– Avoid excessive intake of processed and fast foods.
– Cook foods with minimal oil and avoid deep frying.
– Exercise regularly to maintain a healthy weight and overall well-being.
In conclusion, proper nutrition is essential for the overall health and well-being of human beings. By following a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle, we can ensure that our nutritional needs are met and our bodies function optimally. So I hope you got an idea about – Nutrition in human Beings, 10 NCERT SCIENCE Notes, Answers, and more.
## What is Biological Classification in Biology:-
biological classification biodiversity on the basis of shared, apparent, physical characteristics. More secure forms of invertebrate sea animals table. First published in, published in the year Thus. The modern taxonomic classification system has eight main levels (from most inclusive to most exclusive): Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Identifier.Biological classification is the process by which scientists group living organisms. Organisms are classified based on how similar they are. Historically, similarity was determined by examining the physical characteristics of an organism but modern classification uses a variety of techniques including genetic analysis.Biological classification is the process by which scientists group living organisms. Organisms are classified based on how similar they are. Historically, similarity was determined by examining the physical characteristics of an organism but modern classification uses a variety of techniques including genetic analysis.
Biological classification is a system used by scientists to describe organisms, or living things. It is also known as scientific classification or taxonomy. To classify things means to place them in different categories, or groups. Scientists place living things in groups based on the features that the living things share.
## For more information read these links: –
### 1. What is dna simple definition?
### 2.what is dna in biology definition?
### 3.what is dna in human body?
## Groundwater, its uses and the associated possible hazards
What is Groundwater, Where Is It Stored and what are the common uses of Groundwater. The reservoirs in which the Groundwater is stored, where does the Groundwater comes from? where do we find the Groundwater below the surface of Earth?
## What is Groundwater?
Groundwater is the water that occurs beneath the surface of the earth and is generally found in the spaces and fractures in rocks, gravel, soil, sand and other aggregates. This water is stored in various types of rocks and sediments like clay and tight bedrock formations. The term used for all of the cracks, crevices, and tubes within the rock refers to ‘pore space’. As these pores and cracks are interconnected, they allow water to move through the rock body there by calling the rock ‘permeable’ whereas, the rocks which cannot move water are called ‘impermeable’.
Groundwater makes up about thirty percent of the world’s fresh water supply, which is about 0.75% of the world’s water, including oceans and permanent ice. About 97 percent of the world’s water is dound in the oceans, meanwhile another 2 percent of the globe has frozen water. The majority of liquid freshwater can be found underground, as water flowing through the top few kilometers of the earth’s crust.
Groundwater derives mainly from rain that seeps down into the Earth’s crust. The quantity of it that falls in an area will influence whether water reaches the subterranean aquifers. If in a warm climate, the sun’s warmth evaporates water more rapidly than in a cold climate, and means that about two third of the water evaporated before it gets a chance to sink into the ground. In cold, humid regions much of the annual precipitation seeps into the aquifers and groundwater returns through pumping wells, springs and seep to rivers, lakes, and the oceans, thereby replenishing groundwater supplies. Water that is drawn into the ground is called ‘recharge’ and areas where water penetrates the ground are called ‘recharge areas’. Some easily deposited geologic materials, such as clay, hinder the flow of water down into the Earth and domestic wells are less likely to be dug in these areas.
## Groundwater reservoirs
Aquifer: Aquifers have both the ability to store the water, and supply it to wells or other springs in enough appropriate amounts. The permeable rock layer in the aquifer is a path for groundwater movement while the water filled in the aquifer above is called a water table. The boundary between two aquifers or an aquifer and an aquiclude with different permeability is a gradational one; because aquifer has higher permeability. Aquifers are at times divided into sections that are both hydraulically connected and separated by impermeable layers. Large number of occurrences take place naturally, however, drilling and corrosion in wells may interconnect aquifers into a series of ways. A good aquifer
, which consists of highly permeable soil or rock, rapidly transmits water into a well. Impervious soils such as clays act as aquicludes which keep the water to rise up to its previous level. The aquifer is needed to be constructed of porous rocks which allow water flow easily and accumulate water. High porosity of emery soils is much better than classic limestone for effective aquifer construction. Types of aquifers are group into three major shapes of Aquifer: confined Aquifer is a water-bearing layer between two natural rock layers due to pressure. The confined aquifer allows higher pressure than the upper layer and in such situation, a well dug into a confined aquifer, the water rises higher level than its initial level. To note, the water can barely reach ground level in some cases. On the other hand, the spring water flows from a confined aquifer are considered as ‘artesian well’. Confining layers vary from anything permeable like plastic thin clay to nearly impermeable like that are made from ice.
#### An unconfined aquifer is described the zone beneath the surface where it enjoys the water head pressure. A well which is dug into an unconfined aquifer reaches the level of water in its own height, after the removal of water from the well, water is forced to flow back into the well from the vicinity area which certainly involves lowering ground-water levels.There are also situations whereby a great number of aquifers have both confined and unconfined zones. The rate at which the water may be extracted from an aquifer changes by a factor of several machozoisdas depending on aquifer penetration.
## An unconfined aquifer is described the zone beneath the surface where it enjoys the water head pressure. A well which is dug into an unconfined aquifer reaches the level of water in its own height, after the removal of water from the well, water is forced to flow back into the well from the vicinity area which certainly involves lowering ground-water levels.There are also situations whereby a great number of aquifers have both confined and unconfined zones. The rate at which the water may be extracted from an aquifer changes by a factor of several machozoisdas depending on aquifer penetration.
Perched aquifers are relatively thin water saturated zones developed in for instance the formation of a rock above the water table. The region beneath an impervious layer saturated zone from which water eventually cause ground-water table elevation because of its high specific retention; the aquifer nearly always contributed to groundwater. What’s more, perched water is different from groundwater in the sense that it is perched above the water table. After rainfalls and overland flow the perched water later sinks to the water table after some weeks or months. Streams can have a million stream or heavy rain for examples of freshwater applicable to springs.
#### Aquicludes are button-joints of poor permeability from which water is hardly extracted in amount sufficient to meet a special need. The aquitards offer some natural protection from different biological and chemical contamination of groundwater sources. They can, however, on occasion transmit water from one aquifer to another allowing contamination of the second aquifer. Shale and clay are a prolific example of aquicludes that give challenges when stuck in the bed of bores.
## Uses of Groundwater
the farming sector for the Riverbank filtration (RBF) is the example of the application of groundwater to public water supply in the prevention of surface water pollution and it will also play a major role in future. Nowadays bore-hole wells have replaced hand-dug-wells in ancient water supply systems. But for the communities that still survive on the banks of rivers like the Ganges in India or the Danube in Europe, riverbanks filtrations still remain the main source of water for providing water to the society. For example, along the Columbia River in Washington State, wells pump water through the sandy soil to produce reliable supplies of pure water. In this process groundwater is pre-filtered using soil to eliminate physical contaminants and some other harmful substances before it can be used for drinking or domestic purposes.
One interesting feature of the usage of groundwater is its use in the farming sector for the irrigation of crops during times of low rainfall; this can help sustain productivity, contributing to Upstate services revenue and creating jobs. For instance, without the access to groundwater or the restoration of wetlands to store water through a drought, the dairy and the crops would not receive any or enough water that would consequently decrease their population; therefore decreasing the food source as well. In relation to this it is important during periods of low streamflow so that minimal amount of water is diverted away from the natural environment.
The built environment so may be minimised, if the groundwater recharge is controlled. Usually recharge is derived from the precipitation which first percolates into the regolith – the porous material on the surface of the Earth and below. Lastly, recharge can be enhanced from the different sources such as from the surface water or by making the water. Groundwater depletion is often blamed on the construction activities as they make it difficult for the water to fill these cracks and reach the surface.
Hydroelectric energy industry often employs groundwater as one of its resources that is a source of energy.
## Possible Hazards :
The level of the groundwater has a significant dependency on the fall and well recharge rates by the increase of the population of residents and industries within an area. This situation especially occurs in the major cities of India, whereby a sudden fall of the water table has since been noticed in some of the major cities. Similarly, the wells of groundwater are increasingly closed due to wellhead safety issues and because the pollutants from the land can percolate and contaminate the enclosed wells. Also, groundwater closer to the ground surface layer is easily polluted by gram-negative groundwater pollution sources What this is could well-defined heavy metal and groundwater shallow saltiness.
Groundwater overdraft occurs when groundwater is pumped out faster than it can be recharged over a long period of time. This leads to dry wells and low water tables which also indicate that the groundwater resource is being depleted. Each study has found a link between the excess of groundwater and the subsidence of the ground. The greater the surface of water it is pulling downwards and the varying degrees of weightiness check that there is the sinking of ground.
Groundwater toxicity refers to the water that is strongly mixed with toxic substances in the dissolved form when such water is consumed over a long period of time, the toxic characteristics might lead to different health hazards to humans and animals. It is witnessed that regions having a high concentration of arsenic in the groundwater face problems associated with the level of arsenic in the groundwater. High fluoride content in groundwater has also been associated with a detrimental effect on human teeth and skeletal health. Hydrothermal microbes at fault zones have also been acknowledged as the route for arsenic and other harmful substances into groundwater.
Some contaminated groundwater has natural origin such as the ore materials with arsenic mineral concentrations. Usually, humans create other chemical pollutants such as gasoline, oil, road salts and chemicals with different amounts of concentrations.
#### Penetrating into soil bacteria, gasoline spills, and other chemicals which are leaking from tailponds or improperly operated wastewater treatment plants and nitrates as fertilizers may pollute groundwater and it will create unfit for consumption.
## How do virus and fungi invade and harm plants?
– Introduction of Plant Pathology
– Symptoms of Plant Disease
source:google
Introduction : Plant Pathology is the study of plant diseases and their causes. Diseases can be caused by biotic or abiotic agents but it is mostly biotic pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses.
(source: ncbi.nlm.nih)
Symptoms of Plant Disease : Symptoms of disease can be explained as physical changes in a plant and may include wilting, colour change, necrosis, more growth than normal, less growth than normal etc.several plant diseases are also defined by causal agent i.e., fungal , bacterial, nematode, viral and phytoplasmal diseases. symptoms caused by biotic agent will increase over time and sometimes a biotic factor may cause disease and you must be careful to rule out a biotic cause.
There many plant disease some are mentioned in above picture. Now i am going to talk about some plant disease:
1. Cotton leaf curl disease:
(source: researchgate)
CLCuD has been responsible for major declines in cotton productivity in india and Pakistan. It is caused by different begomovirus species. This disease is in Africa, Vietnam, and China and recently made its way into South America. Symptoms of the disease include leaf curling, vein darkening, vein swelling and enations . infected plants will remain small, due to reduced inter-nodal length and growing points, and are prevented from flowering and fruiting.
(prevention:source: slideplayer)
source: google
2. Late blight of Potato : Irish famine changed the course of history in Europe depleted the population by over two million people and forced millions more to leave Ireland and America for live where they could grow enough food to support their families. Potato tubers were destroyed and caused deaths. late blight was the cause of the Irish Potato famine, which was one of the most damaging diseases incurred by any crop in history. In addition to the terrible losses reported in Ireland, complete crop losses were also reported in the U.S. that same year. there was an estimated loss of 17 million dollars in yield which adjusted for inflation would be equivalent to more than 2 billion dollars today.
Causal Agent of Late blight of Potato : Phytophthora infestans. Few species of phytophthora which are the cause of late blight of potato.
Symptoms of Late blight of Potato: Symptoms usually appear on potatoes in July or August. Misfired brown spots will appear on the surface of the leaves and white mold will grow under the leaf surface. The edges of the tree may dry out, roll out or become black. As the disease grows, the tuber may also appear red, brown or purple and may decay. Like I said above, mold will grow under the surface of the leaves. Soft rot can be seen directly on a tuberous cut as rotted tissue will be bordered over healthy tissue or lime, rust color.
How to control/prevent late blight of Potato: Removing diseased leaves or plant potatoes, avoiding using large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (high nitrogen rates can encourage the growth of lush leaves which become more sensitive to infection), using uninfected leaves, avoiding the application of nutrients to different plants that are heavily grown tank of water, removal of volunteers, other species of Peronosporales, and weed hosts from near planting areas, good drainage of soil, keeping tubers well covered during growth with soil to prevent spores of the fungus entering the soil and splashing onto tubers, applying chemicals or antibiotics, and staying free of P. infestans entirely.
## BIOCHEMICAL IMPORTANCE OF ENZYMES IN INDUSTRIES AND DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES
Enzymes are very useful in industries and also in diagnosis. As early as 1884, Christian Hansen used lactic acid from bacteria to form a solid enzyme that could be added directly to milk to form curds. We are going to discuss about use of enzyme in different industries
1.Use of enzyme in dairy industry : The main applications for enzymes in the dairy industry are to reduce overrun, improve yield and develop other health products, such as probiotic dairy products, etc.Availapro[1] facillitations of such industry are : rennin derived from the net strene used in food preparation, Enzyme Lipase used in butter flavor,enzyme lactase is produces low lactose diary products for lactose intolerance patients.
2.Use of enzyme in molecular biology: Molecular biology is a ever changing field of biology that predicts the nature of enzyme and how the enzyme are going to act in the future. Molecular biology use bacterial enzymes to produce copies of DNA. To understand more on diagram shows how this is done:
#### 3. Use of enzymes in detergent industry: Various enzymes such as proteases, cellulose and lipases are included in the laundry detergent to remove those stains that are protein, cellulose and fat based.
Proteases are used in the detergent preparation to wash away the protein-based stains from textiles for more than 30 years. Various detergent manufactures have recently produced the amylases that help decrease the amount of starches left behind stains, such as spaghetti, potatoes, gravy and chocolate. Lipase enzymes have also been produced that help to reducing fats in the fabrics and help in cleaning the cooking fat. Biotechnology has brought about the fungi that can produce cellulases to remove the short hairs from cotton. 3. Enzymes in textile industries: Enzymes have a long history in the textile industry. Brewery workers listed papain as tending enzyme in 1874 to remove the hair from skins. This procedure was subsequently decided to change it into a useable textile item for clothing or other ornaments. Hair removal processes are now performed with bacterial or fungal proteases. Various enzymes are used in the textile and detergent industries These enzymes, called cellulases, break down the materials that cause weak fabrics to break and wrinkle. Amylase is also now being used to remove the starch from cotton and increase the weight and texture of the final product. Not only enzymes are used to wash warp clothes in the textile industry.
4.Enzymes in baking industry: Baking sector also use enzymes to make better products. Dietary enzyme partnered with the corn syrup can be used instead. Gluten is protein that causes the dough to rise . One of the major objectives of manufacturing is to improve the product quality in order to survive in an era of high demand and high consumer standards we know , Butter lipids are useful in frozen items because the long chain acids ensure that the lipids do not break down, hence no discharge, and keep the molecules in a lattice to improve structure. These fats also create a variety of different flavours and taste.
In conclusion: Better enzyme is best for burdening industries. Importance of enzymes was mentioned and there were several applications for using enzymes in industries.
[1] Avail means balance.
## MAINSOOR KA PANDAV PANCHLI: Children’s tale book based on mendel’s square.’
1 paanchpandev chant:
A , B, C, D, Request received
Five of us talking,
To hunt that Pandav Shop.
We all are friends,We are going to come your way.
A, B, C, D, We got request’
We are going to play your way.
We’ll tell you, it is just the application
Just leave it to us in perfection.
2. Kisan Bachat:
O Lord, how do you come to my land?
Fever my disease, please listen to me lord
White, yellow, black and brown
There are total variations in the four three corners.
Where are you from ?
Why did you come by surprise ?
Crop and plant come from seed,
Fragrance mixed in sunflowers perfume’s dosage.
3 Sermon of the exiled : (source:google)
I applied my logic to fill my pockets up,
rushes and searches that make heart frustrated.
I don’t think about the method and happiness of the field,No idea of the assassination
No idea of the invention of ideas.No news regarding lightness versus the perfect balance can take place.I am not going to bear this really deep darkness in the summer system also.O seeds preacher of the process.
4 Request from the field:
The Swastik is going to be very little?
Tests of seeds , field , soil and property
Confidence needs, speed in the path.
No hunger, no full belly.
May it even wish us good time and chokeI even constructed distinct between the sprouts.
I am going to displace what the Pandavs
5 Pandav sermon:
(Source: google)
But the size of deception is likely on trouble.
I don’t want all the fear of the field,Not addicted to any addiction and world.
Even in paralysis, nothing makes the noise here.
This system is similarly manner curded,
Because black and yellow are crossing ways.
Green is also going to be away
There is heading in no one direction.
Mitra , requests and information from all deceptions
All of them as his disclosure to help them ,—
Pre- predisposition, listen, lies and mendel chain
Listen, field, feel and hammer.
We are here, as well as the old open field’s
Born completely —the Key-chain of feet,
Suppress to load, phone, no tower.
Even the results coming are quite clear.
Vidur& Panwali pace , O’ farm Sun, Sulekh and Sita.
There is no mentioning of the small variance of the stone.
Labor , work, no head and labor.
Dinu also don’t do any work here.
I also conceded that the landlord labour conviction
Even the simple verdict is the only known digest.
6 Pandav sermon:
We have to apply usong based on mendel square method to solve this.
## Harnessing the Power: A Comprehensive Exploration of Biofuels and Alternative Sources of Energy
The escalating demand for energy worldwide, coupled with concerns about environmental sustainability, has intensified the search for alternative sources of energy. Among these alternatives, biofuels have emerged as a promising solution, offering a renewable and environmentally friendly option to power our world. This comprehensive essay aims to delve into the realm of biofuels, exploring various types derived from plants, bacteria, solar power, algae, hydrogen, and organic waste. Additionally, we will examine the potential of these alternative energy sources in mitigating climate change and ushering in a sustainable energy future.
Section 1:
Biofuels from Plants Biofuels derived from plants, commonly known as biofuels, are produced from organic materials through processes such as fermentation or chemical conversion. One prominent example is bioethanol, a biofuel derived from the fermentation of sugars in crops like corn, sugarcane, and wheat. The utilization of bioethanol has gained popularity as a renewable alternative to traditional fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting energy independence.
1.1. Advantages of Bioethanol:
– Renewable Nature: Bioethanol can be sustainably produced from various crops, ensuring a continuous supply without depleting finite resources.
– Reduced Emissions: The combustion of bioethanol results in lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels, contributing to climate change mitigation.
1.2. Challenges and Criticisms:
– Land Use Concerns: The cultivation of crops for bioethanol raises concerns about competition with food production, potentially impacting global food security.
– Energy Intensive Production: The process of refining bioethanol requires energy inputs, raising questions about the net energy balance and overall environmental impact.
Section 2:
Biofuels from Bacteria Biofuels derived from bacteria represent an innovative approach to renewable energy production. Microorganisms such as certain bacteria can be engineered to produce biofuels through metabolic pathways, transforming organic materials into valuable energy resources.
2.1. Microbial Biofuel Production:
– Metabolic Engineering: Scientists manipulate the metabolic pathways of bacteria to enhance their ability to efficiently convert organic substrates into biofuels.
– Feedstock Flexibility: Bacteria can utilize a diverse range of organic materials, including agricultural residues, municipal solid waste, and wastewater, making them versatile in feedstock selection.
2.2. Potential Applications:
– Biogas Production: Bacteria play a key role in anaerobic digestion processes, converting organic matter into biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide used for power generation.
– Algae-Bacteria Synergy: Combining bacteria with algae in microbial fuel cells enhances bioelectricity production, showcasing the potential for integrated bioenergy systems.
Section 3:
Solar Power as an Alternative Source Solar power stands out as a clean and abundant alternative to conventional energy sources. Harnessing the sun’s energy through photovoltaic cells or solar thermal systems has become a cornerstone of the transition towards a sustainable energy future.
3.1. Photovoltaic Technology:
– Solar Cells: Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity, providing a decentralized and scalable solution for power generation.
– Advancements in Efficiency: Ongoing research aims to improve the efficiency of solar cells, making solar power increasingly competitive with traditional energy sources.
3.2. Solar Thermal Systems:
– Concentrated Solar Power (CSP): CSP systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight, generating heat for electricity production.
– Integration with Energy Storage: Advancements in energy storage technologies, such as molten salt systems, enable continuous power generation even when sunlight is unavailable.
Section 4:
Algae as a Biofuel Source Algae, often referred to as “green gold,” have emerged as a promising source for biofuels due to their rapid growth and high oil content. Algae-based biofuels have the potential to address some of the challenges associated with traditional plant-based biofuels.
4.1. Algae Cultivation:
– Rapid Growth Rates: Algae can proliferate quickly, allowing for high biomass yields in a relatively short timeframe.
– Non-Competitive with Food Crops: Algae cultivation can be performed on non-arable land or in aquatic environments, mitigating concerns about competition with food production.
4.2. Algal Biofuel Production:
– Lipid Extraction: Algae contain lipids that can be extracted and converted into biodiesel, offering a renewable alternative to traditional diesel fuels.
– Wastewater Treatment: Algae cultivation can contribute to wastewater treatment by absorbing nutrients, presenting a dual-purpose solution for environmental sustainability.
Section 5:
Hydrogen as an Alternative Energy Carrier Hydrogen, often touted as the “fuel of the future,” holds promise as a clean and versatile energy carrier. Produced through methods such as electrolysis or steam methane reforming, hydrogen can power fuel cells, providing a clean source of electricity.
5.1. Production Methods:
– Electrolysis: Water electrolysis involves splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity, offering a renewable pathway for hydrogen production.
– Steam Methane Reforming: Hydrogen can be extracted from natural gas through steam methane reforming, although this method raises environmental concerns and is not inherently carbon-neutral.
5.2. Fuel Cells and Transportation:
– Fuel Cell Technology: Hydrogen fuel cells convert hydrogen into electricity, emitting only water vapor as a byproduct, making them suitable for various applications, including transportation.
– Challenges in Infrastructure: The widespread adoption of hydrogen as a fuel source requires the development of infrastructure for production, storage, and distribution, presenting logistical challenges.
Section 6: Organic Waste as a Source of Energy The concept of turning organic waste into a valuable energy resource aligns with the principles of the circular economy, where waste is minimized, and resources are utilized efficiently. Various technologies, such as anaerobic digestion and gasification, enable the conversion of organic waste into biogas or biofuels.
6.1. Anaerobic Digestion:
– Microbiological Process: Anaerobic digestion involves the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, producing biogas as a byproduct.
– Biogas Utilization: The methane-rich biogas generated can be used for electricity generation, heating, or as a vehicle fuel.
6.2. Gasification:
– Thermal Conversion: Gasification involves subjecting organic waste to high temperatures in a controlled environment, producing a synthesis gas (syngas) that can be used for power generation or converted into biofuels.
– Waste-to-Energy Plants: Gasification technologies are employed in waste-to-energy plants, contributing to both energy production and waste management.
As the global community strives to transition towards a sustainable energy future, biofuels and alternative sources of energy play a pivotal role in reshaping our energy landscape. From bioethanol derived from plants to biofuels produced by bacteria, and from solar power harnessing the sun’s energy to algae-based biofuels offering a non-competitive alternative, the spectrum of sustainable energy options is vast and promising.
Hydrogen, with its potential as a clean energy carrier, and organic waste as a valuable resource, further contribute to the diverse toolkit available for reducing our reliance on traditional fossil fuels. However, challenges such as land use concerns, energy-intensive production processes, and infrastructure requirements
## HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF WATER DEFICIENCY ON HUMAN BEINGS.-(Short Transcript)
Water deficiency, or dehydration, occurs when the body loses more fluids than it takes in, resulting in an imbalance of essential electrolytes. The health implications of water deficiency on human beings can range from mild discomfort to severe complications, affecting various physiological functions.
– Dehydration Effects: Insufficient water intake can lead to dehydration, which manifests in symptoms such as dry mouth, dark urine, dizziness, and fatigue. Severe dehydration may cause rapid heartbeat, confusion, and even fainting. Prolonged water deficiency can impair kidney function, leading to concentrated urine and an increased risk of urinary tract infections.
– Electrolyte Imbalance: Water is essential for maintaining electrolyte balance in the body. In its absence, sodium and potassium levels can become disrupted, negatively impacting nerve function, muscle contractions, and fluid balance. This imbalance may contribute to muscle cramps, weakness, and in severe cases, cardiac abnormalities.
– Cognitive Function: Even mild dehydration has been shown to impair cognitive performance. Studies indicate that inadequate water intake can affect attention, memory, and overall cognitive function. Dehydrated individuals may experience difficulty concentrating and processing information, highlighting the importance of proper hydration for optimal mental performance.
– Digestive Issues: Water is crucial for the digestive system to function properly. Insufficient hydration can lead to constipation, as water is essential for softening stool and facilitating its passage through the intestines. Chronic dehydration may contribute to more severe digestive issues over time.
– Temperature Regulation: Adequate hydration is vital for regulating body temperature. Water deficiency can impair the body’s ability to sweat and cool down, increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses. This is particularly relevant in hot climates or during strenuous physical activity.
– Joint Health: Water is a key component of synovial fluid, which lubricates and cushions joints. Dehydration may compromise joint health, leading to increased friction, pain, and a higher risk of injuries, especially in individuals with conditions like arthritis.
– Cardiovascular Impact: Chronic dehydration can contribute to an increased heart rate and a drop in blood pressure. In the long term, it may strain the cardiovascular system, potentially leading to more serious complications.
– Skin Health: Proper hydration is crucial for maintaining healthy skin. Dehydration can result in dry, flaky skin and exacerbate conditions such as eczema. It may also contribute to premature aging and a dull complexion.
It’s essential to prioritize adequate water intake to ensure optimal bodily functions and maintain overall health. Water deficiency can have far-reaching consequences, affecting various systems within the human body and potentially leading to both short-term discomfort and long-term health issues.
## Source: by (Oparaji L., Darcy T., Abayebi A., Ballestero T.)- Water Based Leisure: ‘Incidence of Microbiological and Physicochemical Parameters in Swimming Pools Water Quality’
Review of article “Incidence of Microbiological and Physicochemical Parameters in Swimming Pools Water Quality” published by Uzochukwu and Onder Kern.
In this article, physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of five different swimming pools in Abakaliki were assessed and compared with reference to the world Health Organization WHO limit value. Microbiological and physicochemical analysis of water from five different swimming pools in Abakaliki were determine using standard microbiological and physicochemical techniques.
The results obtained indicated that the pH of the five swimming pools analysed ranged from 6.34 to 7.76 while the microorganisms isolated from the selected five swimming pools included Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Bacillus spp., and Enterobacter spp. The microbial isolates found in the swimming pools occur at varying rates of percentage. The presence of these organisms in the swimming pools makes them unsafe and unhealthy for swimming as they can predispose the users to infections of different kinds. The presence of these organisms in the swimming pools could be traced to lack of maintenance of the swimming pools, entry of contaminated water or infected people into the swimming pools. In the light of these, the authors recommend that there should be proper maintenance of swimming pools, regular monitoring of swimming pools as well as prevention of entry of contaminated water into the swimming pools to avoid the presence of non-normal flora in the swimming pools that can predispose the users to infection.
The majority of Physicochemical (temperatures, pH and conductivity) parameters found in five different swimming pools of Abakaliki were within the acceptable limits prescribed by the WHO except the temperature of (Golf Course Swimming Pool) GCSW that exceeded the limit. All the samples from five different swimming pools contained many species of microorganisms that violated the limits of this paradigm recommendation.
What’s the importance of this article?
The article itself is important because this is the first time a paper has an overview and comparison of physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters in five different Swimming pools in Abakaliki.
It is not the first time the idea has cost at all, but this article serves as a source of how water can affect and contaminated by human beings specially recreational areas.
That’s an absolutely solid reason why it was important paper.
I find the summary very interesting:
In general, the current recommendations rely on physical (pH and temperature) and microbiological (TCs and FCs) parameters for estimating the microbiological quality of swimming pool water. Comparing the present results with international guidelines for safety of swimming pool water quality, it is concluded that the swimming pool water is of poor Microbiological quality in Abakaliki. The results reported in this study may form part of a data base and methodology for evaluating microbiological properties of swimming pools and is suggested for their inclusion in water monitoring which is conducted by water management provided that further studies are required.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the authors can directly say that there were not enough microorganisms present in samples from safety levels. Thus, the swimming pools were not suitable and healthy for swimming, as they can predispose the users to various infections. The present study however provides deeper insight into the various microbial inputs of the receiving swimming pools. A regular study of the swimming pools in this area is necessary in order to assess their microbial quality and to ensure that the health of the people is protected.
Source:
Uzochukwu M., Onder K.
Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing; Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka,Anambra State.