Women’s health: features and recommendations

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Women’s health: features and recommendations

1. Anatomical and physiological characteristics of the female body:

    1. Reproductive system:
    • Ovaries: The paired organs located in the pelvis responsible for the production of sex hormones (estrogens, progesterone, androgens) and the ripening of eggs.
      • Follicogeneusa: The process of maturation of follicles containing eggs under the influence of follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH). There are primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary follicles and dominant follicle, which ovulates.
      • Ovulation: The exit of a mature egg from the dominant follicle into the abdominal cavity, ready for fertilization. It is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH).
      • Yellow body: It is formed at the site of a bursting follicle after ovulation and produces progesterone necessary to maintain pregnancy in the early stages. If the pregnancy does not occur, the yellow body regresses.
      • Hormonal function: Synthesis of estrogens (estradiol, estrone, estriol), progesterone and a small amount of androgens. Estrogens are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics, regulation of the menstrual cycle, maintaining bone health and cardiovascular system. Progesterone prepares the uterine endometrium for embryo implantation and supports pregnancy.
    • Fall pipes (phallopian pipes): The paired organs connecting the ovaries to the uterus. They serve as a place of fertilization of the egg and transportation of zygotes into the uterine cavity.
      • Structure: They consist of the FIMBRIAL OFF (captures the egg after ovulation), the ampular department (place of fertilization), the isthmus and the intramural part (passes through the wall of the uterus).
      • Function: Transportation of eggs and sperm, ensuring the optimal environment for fertilization. Peristaltic abbreviations and playing of the epithelium cilia contribute to the advance of the egg.
    • Uterus: Full muscle organ designed for bearing the fetus.
      • Structure: It consists of the body (main part), the neck (connects the uterus with the vagina) and the bottom (the upper body). The wall of the uterus consists of three layers: endometrium (inner mucous layer), myometrium (muscle layer) and perimetry (external serous layer).
      • Function: Ensuring the implantation of the embryo, bearing the fetus and its expulsion during childbirth. The endometrium cyclically changes under the influence of sex hormones, preparing for pregnancy. The myometrium has the ability to reduce, which is necessary for labor.
    • Cervix: The lower part of the uterus connecting it to the vagina. Contains a cervical canal that emits mucus that protects the uterus from infections and regulates sperm.
      • Cervical Canal: Lined with a cylindrical epithelium that produces cervical mucus. The properties of mucus vary depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle, facilitating or making it difficult to pass sperm.
      • Transformation zone: The place of transition of the flat epithelium of the vaginal part of the cervix to the cylindrical epithelium of the cervical canal. It is a zone of increased risk of developing dysplasia and cervical cancer.
    • Vagina: The muscle tube connecting the uterus to the external genitalia. Serves for sexual intercourse, the birth of a child and the removal of menstrual blood.
      • Structure: The vaginal wall consists of three layers: the mucous membrane, muscle layer and adventitia. The mucous membrane forms folds (rugs) that increase its surface.
      • Microflora: Many microorganisms live in the vagina, mainly lactobacilli, which support the acidic environment and protect against infections.
    • External genitalia (vulva): They include large and small labia, clitoris, vaginal dimensions and bartolin gland.
      • Function: Protection of the internal genital organs, ensuring sex drive and sexual intercourse. Bartolin glands secrete a secret that moisturizes the vagina.
    1. Hormonal background:
    • Menstrual cycle: Cyclic changes in the body of women occurring under the influence of sex hormones and aimed at preparing for pregnancy. On average, it lasts 28 days, but can fluctuate from 21 to 35 days.
      • Phases of the menstrual cycle:
        • Menstrual phase (1-5 days): The rejection of the functional layer of the endometrium, accompanied by bleeding.
        • Folicular phase (6-14 days): The growth and maturation of follicles in the ovaries under the influence of FSH. The level of estrogens increases by stimulating the growth of endometrium.
        • Ovulatory phase (14 day): The exit of a mature egg from a dominant follicle under the influence of LH.
        • Lutein phase (15-28 days): The formation and functioning of the yellow body, which produces progesterone. Progesterone prepares the endometrium for implantation of the embryo. If the pregnancy does not occur, the level of progesterone decreases, and the cycle is repeated.
    • Hormonal background regulation:
      • Hypothalamus: Products gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRG), which stimulates the pituitary gland.
      • Hyphydics: It produces FSH and LH, which regulate the function of the ovaries.
      • Ovaries: Estrogens, progesterone and androgens are produced, which affect various organs and systems of the body.
      • Feedback: The level of sex hormones in the blood affects the activity of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, regulating the production of FSH and LH.
    • Hormonal changes in various periods of life:
      • Perthetic period: The beginning of puberty, characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the onset of the first menstruation (menarhe).
      • Reproductive period: The period of puberty, characterized by regular menstrual cycles and the ability to conception.
      • Perimenopausa: The transition period to menopause, characterized by irregular menstrual cycles and the appearance of symptoms associated with a deficiency of estrogen.
      • Menopause: The cessation of menstruation, due to the exhaustion of the reserve of follicles in the ovaries and a decrease in the level of estrogen.
      • Postmenopause: The period after menopause, characterized by a stably low level of estrogen.
    1. Features of metabolism:
    • The influence of sex hormones on metabolism: Estrogens affect bone metabolism, lipid profile, carbohydrate metabolism and thyroid function. Progesterone affects thermoregulation and fluid retention in the body.
    • Iron metabolism: Women are more susceptible to iron deficiency due to menstrual blood loss and pregnancy.
    • Calcium metabolism: Estrogens play an important role in maintaining bone health, so reducing the level of estrogen in menopause increases the risk of osteoporosis.
    • Features of fat metabolism: Women have a higher percentage of adipose tissue than men. Estrogens contribute to the deposition of fat in the hips and buttocks.
    1. Psycho -emotional features:
    • The influence of the hormonal background on the emotional state: Fluctuations in the level of sex hormones during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause can affect the emotional state of a woman, causing mood swings, irritability, anxiety and depression.
    • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): A set of symptoms that occur in the second half of the menstrual cycle and include emotional (irritability, anxiety, depression), physical (headache, bloating, pain of the mammary glands) and behavioral changes.
    • Postpartum depression: A depressive state that occurs after childbirth and associated with hormonal changes, fatigue and stress.
    • Emotional features in menopause: A decrease in the level of estrogen in menopause can lead to mood swings, irritability, anxiety and depression.
    1. Genetic features:
    • Chromosomal set: Women have two X-chromosomes (XX), while men have one X-chromosome and one Y-chromosome (XY).
    • Genetic predisposition to diseases: Some diseases, such as breast cancer and ovarian cancer, have a genetic predisposition. The presence of certain genes (for example, BRCA1 and BRCA2) increases the risk of developing these diseases.

2. The most common diseases in women:

    1. Diseases of the reproductive system:
    • Inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs (VZ): Infections that affect the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. The most frequent pathogens are chlamydia, gonococci and other sexually transmitted microorganisms. Symptoms: pain in the lower abdomen, fever, vaginal discharge, painful urination. Treatment: antibiotics.
    • Endometrios: The growth of tissue similar to endometrium (inner mucous membrane of the uterus), outside the uterus. It can hit the ovaries, fallopian pipes, peritoneum and other organs. Symptoms: pain in the lower abdomen, painful menstruation, infertility. Treatment: hormonal therapy, surgical intervention.
    • Uterine fibroids: A benign tumor consisting of the muscle tissue of the uterus. Symptoms: abundant menstruation, pain in the lower abdomen, violation of urination and defecation, infertility. Treatment: hormonal therapy, surgical intervention.
    • Ovarian polycystic ovary (SPKU): Hormonal disorder characterized by impaired ovulation, an increased level of androgens and the formation of multiple cysts in the ovaries. Symptoms: irregular menstruation, infertility, acne, hirsutism (excess hair growth on the face and body), obesity. Treatment: change in lifestyle, hormonal therapy, stimulation of ovulation.
    • Cervical cancer: A malignant tumor developing from cervical cells. In most cases, the human papillomavirus (HPV) is caused. Symptoms: bloody discharge from the vagina, pain in the lower abdomen. Treatment: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy.
    • Endometry cancer: A malignant tumor developing from endometrial cells. Symptoms: bloody discharge from the vagina, pain in the lower abdomen. Treatment: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy.
    • Ovary cancer: A malignant tumor developing from ovarian cells. Symptoms are often absent in the early stages. Treatment: surgical intervention, chemotherapy.
    • Vulvovaginit: Inflammation of the vulva and vagina. It can be caused by infections, allergic reactions or irritating substances. Symptoms: itching, burning, discharge from the vagina, soreness during urination. Treatment: antibiotics, antifungal drugs, antihistamines.
    • Bacterial vaginosis: Violation of the vaginal microflora, characterized by a decrease in the amount of lactobacilli and an increase in the number of other microorganisms. Symptoms: abundant discharge from the vagina with an unpleasant odor. Treatment: antibiotics.
    • Candidiasis vulvovaginitis (thrush): The fungal vaginal infection caused by mushrooms of the genus Candida. Symptoms: itching, burning, curdled discharge from the vagina. Treatment: antifungal drugs.
    1. Breast diseases:
    • Mastopathy: A benign disease of the mammary gland, characterized by the formation of seals and cysts. Symptoms: pain of the mammary glands, seals in the mammary glands. Treatment: hormone therapy, symptomatic treatment.
    • Fibroadenoma: A benign breast tumor, consisting of glandular and fibrous tissue. Symptoms: painless seal in the mammary gland. Treatment: surgical removal.
    • Breast cancer: A malignant tumor developing from breast cells. Symptoms: seal in the mammary gland, a change in the shape or size of the mammary gland, discharge from the nipple, change in the skin of the mammary gland. Treatment: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy.
    • Mastitis: Inflammation of the mammary gland. Most often occurs during lactation. Symptoms: breast soreness, redness, swelling, fever. Treatment: antibiotics.
    1. Cardiovascular diseases:
    • Corny heart (coronary heart disease): The disease characterized by impaired blood supply to the heart due to narrowing of the coronary arteries. Symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath.
    • Stroke: Violation of cerebral circulation, leading to damage to brain tissue. Symptoms: weakness in the limbs, speech impairment, visual impairment.
    • Hypertonic disease: Increased blood pressure. Symptoms: headache, dizziness, ears.
    1. Endocrine diseases:
    • Diabetes sugar: The disease characterized by an increased level of glucose in the blood. Symptoms: thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, fatigue.
    • Thyroid diseases:
      • Hypothyroidism: Insufficient function of the thyroid gland. Symptoms: fatigue, weight gain, constipation, dry skin, hair loss.
      • Hypertreenineosis: Excessive function of the thyroid gland. Symptoms: irritability, weight loss, heart heartbeat, sweating, tremor.
    • Osteoporosis: The disease characterized by a decrease in bone density and an increased risk of fractures. Symptoms: are often absent before the fracture.
    1. Autoimmune diseases:
    • Rheumatoid arthritis: The disease affecting the joints. Symptoms: joint pain, stiffness, swelling.
    • System red lupus: A disease that affects various organs and systems of the body. Symptoms: fatigue, joint pain, skin rash.
    • Scattered sclerosis: A disease that affects the nervous system. Symptoms: weakness in the limbs, visual impairment, impaired coordination.
    1. Mental disorders:
    • Depression: Disorder of mood, characterized by a sense of sadness, loss of interest in life, fatigue.
    • Alarm disorders: Disorders characterized by a sense of anxiety and fear.
    • Disorders of food behavior: Anorexia, bulimia.

3. Recommendations for maintaining women’s health:

    1. Regular medical examinations:
    • Gynecologist: An annual inspection of the gynecologist, including inspection on the chair, taking a smear for a cytological study (papa test) and a smear on the flora.
    • Mammologist: An annual inspection of the mammologist and conducting mammography (after 40 years) or ultrasound of the mammary glands (up to 40 years).
    • Therapist: An annual inspection of the therapist, including the measurement of blood pressure, ECG, a general blood and urine test, a biochemical blood test.
    • Other specialists: If necessary, consultation of other specialists (endocrinologist, cardiologist, gastroenterologist, etc.).
    1. Vaccination:
    • Vaccination against HPV: It is recommended for girls and young women to prevent cervical cancer.
    • Influenzation against influenza: Annual vaccination against influenza.
    • Other vaccination: In accordance with the national vaccination calendar and the recommendations of the doctor.
    1. Healthy lifestyle:
    • Proper nutrition: Balanced diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grain products, low -fat protein and healthy fats. Limiting sugar, salt and saturated fats.
    • Regular physical activity: At least 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes of high intensity of aerobic activity per week. It is also recommended to perform strength exercises twice a week.
    • Maintaining a healthy weight: Weight control and maintenance of the body mass index (BMI) within normal limits (18.5-24.9 kg/m2).
    • Refusal of smoking: Smoking is a risk factor for many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer and cervical cancer.
    • Alcohol use restriction: Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to health problems, including liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
    • Sufficient sleep: 7-8 hours of sleep per day.
    • Stress management: The use of various stress management methods, such as yoga, meditation, breathing exercises or communication with friends and family.
    1. Reproductive health:
    • Pregnancy planning: Consultation with a doctor before planning pregnancy to assess the state of health and identify possible risks.
    • Prenatal care: Regular visits to the doctor during pregnancy to control the health of the mother and child.
    • Breast-feeding: Breastfeeding is useful for the health of the mother and the baby.
    • Contraception: The use of reliable methods of contraception to prevent unwanted pregnancy.
    • Sexual screening for sexually transmitted (STPP): Regular screening for IPP, especially in the presence of several sexual partners.
    1. Mental health:
    • Appeal for help to a specialist: If there are symptoms of depression, anxiety or other mental disorders, you must seek help from a specialist (psychiatrist, psychologist or psychotherapist).
    • Family and friends support: Communication with family and friends can help cope with stress and improve the emotional state.
    • Self -help: The use of various methods of self -help, such as maintaining a diary, creativity or hobbies.
    1. Prevention of osteoporosis:
    • Sufficient consumption of calcium and vitamin D: Calcium is necessary for the health of bones. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium.
    • Physical activity: Exercises, especially exercises with a load, help strengthen the bones.
    • Drug therapy: If necessary, the doctor may prescribe drugs for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
    1. Cancer prevention:
    • Screening for cervical cancer: Regular cytological study (papa test) to identify precancerous changes in the cervix.
    • Breast cancer screening: Regular mammography (after 40 years) or ultrasound of the mammary glands (up to 40 years) to detect breast cancer at an early stage.
    • Screening for colon cancer: Colonoscopy (after 50 years) to detect cancer of the colon at an early stage.
    • Self -examination of the mammary glands: Regular self -examination of the mammary glands to identify changes, which may indicate cancer of the mammary gland.
    • Avoiding exposure to carcinogens: Restriction of exposure to carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, asbestos and ultraviolet radiation.
    1. Individual recommendations:
    • Consultation with a doctor: To obtain individual recommendations for maintaining health, it is necessary to consult a doctor who will take into account age, health, lifestyle and genetic predisposition to diseases.

4. Features of the health of women in different age periods:

    1. Adolescence:
    • Puberty: The development of secondary sexual characteristics, the beginning of menstruation.
    • Reproductive health: It is important to discuss with the teenager the issues of sexual education, contraception and prevention of IPP.
    • Mental health: Adolescence is a period of increased emotional vulnerability. It is important to pay attention to the signs of depression, anxiety and eating disorders.
    • Nutrition: It is important to ensure sufficient consumption of calcium and iron for the growth and development of bones and the prevention of anemia.
    1. Reproductive age:
    • Pregnancy planning: Consultation with a doctor before pregnancy planning.
    • Prenatal care: Regular visits to the doctor during pregnancy.
    • Breast-feeding: Breastfeeding is useful for the health of the mother and the baby.
    • Contraception: The use of reliable methods of contraception to prevent unwanted pregnancy.
    • Screening at IPPP: Regular screening for IPP.
    • Prevention of cervical cancer and mammary gland: Regular cytological examination (papa test) and mammography/ultrasound of the mammary glands.
    1. Perimenopausa and menopause:
    • Hormonal changes: Reducing the level of estrogen.
    • Symptoms of menopause: Tucks, night sweating, insomnia, mood swings, dry vagina.
    • Prevention of osteoporosis: Sufficient consumption of calcium and vitamin D, physical activity, drug therapy if necessary.
    • Hormone replacement therapy (ZGT): Discussion with a doctor of the possibility of using the HRT to alleviate the symptoms of menopause and prevent osteoporosis.
    • Screening for breast and colon cancer: Regular mammography and colonoscopy.
    • Cardiovascular health: Control of blood pressure, cholesterol and blood glucose.
    1. Postmenopause:
    • Prevention of osteoporosis: Continuation of measures for the prevention of osteoporosis.
    • Cardiovascular health: Control of blood pressure, cholesterol and blood glucose.
    • Screening for breast and colon cancer: Regular mammography and colonoscopy.
    • Maintaining physical activity and a healthy lifestyle: Regular physical activity and healthy nutrition help maintain health and quality of life.

5. Special issues of women’s health:

    1. Pregnancy and childbirth:
    • Prenatal care: The importance of regular visits to the doctor during pregnancy to control the health of the mother and child.
    • Nutrition during pregnancy: Balanced diet, rich in vitamins and minerals.
    • Physical activity during pregnancy: Safe exercises to maintain physical shape.
    • Birth: The importance of choosing a suitable maternity hospital and doctor.
    • Postpartum period: Conserving after childbirth, including breastfeeding, restoration after childbirth and caring for newborn.
    • Postpartum depression: Recognition of the symptoms of postpartum depression and seeking help to a specialist.
    1. Infertility:
    • Causes of infertility: Factors affecting the fertility of a woman, including age, hormonal disorders, diseases of the reproductive system and lifestyle.
    • Diagnosis of infertility: Methods of diagnosis of infertility, including blood tests for hormones, ultrasound of the pelvic organs and hysterosalpingography.
    • Infertility treatment: Methods of treatment of infertility, including stimulation of ovulation, artificial fertilization (ECO) and other reproductive technologies.
    • Psychological support: The importance of psychological support for women experiencing infertility problems.
    1. Menstrual cycle disorders:
    • Amenorrhea: Lack of menstruation.
    • Oligomenorrhea: Irregular menstruation.
    • Menorrargy: Abundant menstruation.
    • Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation.
    • Causes of menstrual cycle disorders: Hormonal disorders, diseases of the reproductive system, stress and other factors.
    • Diagnostics and treatment: The importance of seeking a doctor for the diagnosis and treatment of menstrual cycle disorders.
    1. Particular problems:
    • Urine incontinence: Involuntary urine selection.
    • Ana in the pelvic organs: Laying of the uterus, vagina or rectum.
    • Causes of problems with the pelvic bottom: Pregnancy, childbirth, age -related changes and other factors.
    • Treatment: Kegel exercises, physiotherapy, surgery.
    1. Obesity and overweight:
    • Impact on health: Obesity and overweight increase the risk of many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and infertility.
    • Causes of obesity: Improper nutrition, insufficient physical activity, genetic predisposition and other factors.
    • Treatment: Change in lifestyle, including proper nutrition and regular physical activity, drug therapy and surgical intervention if necessary.
    1. Disorders of food behavior:
    • Anorexia: Restriction of food intake and fear to gain weight.
    • Bulima: Overeating with subsequent purification (vomiting, taking laxatives and diuretics).
    • Impact on health: Disorders of food behavior can lead to serious health problems, including menstrual disorders, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and depression.
    • Treatment: Psychotherapy, drug therapy and dietological support.

6. Alternative and complementary treatment methods:

    1. Phytotherapy:
    • Using medicinal plants: Treatment of diseases using medicinal plants.
    • Application in gynecology: Medicinal plants can be used to treat menstrual cycle disorders, symptoms of menopause and other gynecological diseases.
    • Important: Consultation with a doctor before using medicinal plants.
    1. Acupuncture:
    • Introduction of thin needles into acupuncture points: Stimulation of certain points on the body using thin needles.
    • Application in gynecology: Acupuncture can be used to treat pain in the lower abdomen, menstrual disorders and symptoms of menopause.
    1. Yoga:
    • A complex of physical exercises, breathing techniques and meditation: Improving physical and mental health.
    • Application in gynecology: Yoga can be used to treat pain in the lower abdomen, menstrual disorders and symptoms of menopause.
    • Putal yoga: Special exercises for pregnant women.
    1. Meditation:
    • Practice of concentration and awareness: Reducing stress and improving the emotional state.
    • Application in gynecology: Meditation can be used to treat PMS symptoms, menopause and infertility.

7. Modern trends in women’s health:

    1. Personalized medicine:
    • Individual approach to treatment: Accounting for genetic characteristics, lifestyle and other factors when choosing treatment methods.
    • Genomatic testing: Assessment of a genetic predisposition to diseases.
    • Pharmacogenomy: Determination of the optimal dose and effectiveness of drugs based on the genetic characteristics of the patient.
    1. Telemedicine:
    • Remote medical care: Consultations with a doctor by phone or video communication.
    • Advantages: Convenience, accessibility, saving time and money.
    • Application in female health: Consultations on contraception, pregnancy, menopause and other gynecological diseases.
    1. Artificial intelligence (AI):
    • Using AI in medicine: Help in the diagnosis of diseases, the development of new methods of treatment and healthcare management.
    • Application in female health: AI can be used to analyze mammograms, identify precancerous changes in the cervix and predict the risk of ovarian cancer.
    1. New methods of contraception:
    • Development of new methods of contraception: Improving efficiency, safety and ease of use.
    • Non -hormonal methods of contraception: Development of non -hormonal methods of contraception for

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