Secrets of eternal youth: New discoveries of scientists

Secrets of eternal youth: New discoveries of scientists

I. Cell level: foundation of youth and aging

1. Telomeres: chronometers of cellular life: Telomers, protective caps at the ends of the chromosomes, shorten with each cell division. Critical shortening of telomeres triggers cell aging (sensocal) or apoptosis (programmed cell death).
   • The mechanism of shortening of telomeres: The telomerase enzyme responsible for the restoration of telomeres is active in the germ and cancer cells, but practically does not function in the somatic cells of the adult organism. Oxidizing stress and inflammation also accelerate the shortening of telomeres.
   • New discoveries: Studies show that the activation of telomerase in somatic cells can slow down or even turn back the aging process. Gene therapy, aimed at increasing the activity of telomerase, demonstrates promising results in animal experiments. However, it is necessary to take into account the risks associated with the uncontrolled activation of telomerase and the potential development of cancer.
   • Practical recommendations: A healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular physical exercises and a decrease in stress, can help slow down the shortening of telomeres. Some studies indicate the potential benefits of certain nutricatics, such as Astral and Taurin, in maintaining the length of telomeres.
2. Senscent cells: quiet murderers of youth: Senscent cells are cells that have ceased to be shared and accumulate in tissues with age. They distinguish a wide range of pro-inflammatory molecules (SASP-SENSCENCE-SSOSOCIETED Secretory Phenotype), which damage the surrounding cells and tissues, contributing to the development of age-related diseases.
   • Senage mechanism: DNA damage, oxidative stress and activation of ongenes can lead to cell sensorscence. Cells with damaged DNA activate the paths that block their further division to prevent the spread of mutations.
   • New discoveries: The development of haying – drugs that selectively destroy sensitive cells – became one of the most promising areas in the fight against aging. Clinical tests of haymaking show an improvement in physical function, a decrease in inflammation and extension of life expectancy in animals.
   • Practical recommendations: Studies show that certain natural compounds, such as querecetin and dazatinib, have haymaking. However, additional studies are needed to assess their effectiveness and safety in people. Regular physical exercises can also help reduce the number of sensitive cells in the body.
3. Mitochondria: Energy stations and aging engines: Mitochondria, organelles responsible for the production of energy in cells play a key role in the aging process. With age, the mitochondria function worsens, which leads to a decrease in energy production and an increase in the production of free radicals.
   • Mitochondria dysfunction mechanism: Damage to Mitochondria DNA, oxidative stress and a decrease in the effectiveness of mitophagy (the process of removing damaged mitochondria) contribute to mitochondria dysfunction.
   • New discoveries: Stimulation of mitophagy and improving the function of mitochondria are considered as promising strategies for slowing aging. Drugs, such as metformin and resveratrol, showed the ability to improve the function of mitochondria in animal experiments.
   • Practical recommendations: The limitation of calorie content, interval starvation and regular physical exercises stimulate mitophagia and improve the function of mitochondria. Reception of Coenzyme Q10 (COQ10) and pyrrolokhinolinhinenone (PQQ) may support the function of mitochondria.
4. Epigenetics: reprogramming of a cell fate: Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, regulate the expression of genes without changing the DNA sequence. With age, the epigenetic landscape of the cell changes, which can lead to a violation of genes and the development of age -related diseases.
   • The mechanism of epigenetic changes: The influence of environmental factors, such as diet, stress and toxins, can cause epigenetic changes. These changes can be transmitted from generation to generation.
   • New discoveries: The development of methods of epigenetic reprogramming, allowing to “rejuvenate” cells by restoring their epigenetic landscape, is one of the most exciting directions in aging studies. Animal experiments show that epigenetic reprogramming can backy of some signs of aging.
   • Practical recommendations: A healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, physical exercises and a decrease in stress, can help maintain a healthy epigenetic profile. Some studies indicate the potential benefits of certain nutricatics, such as sulforafan and folic acid, in maintaining a healthy epigenetics.
5. Cell stress: a provocateur of aging: Cell stress caused by various factors, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation, plays an important role in the aging process. Cell stress damages cells and tissues, contributing to the development of age -related diseases.
   • Cellular stress mechanism: Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant protection. Er stress occurs due to the accumulation of incorrectly rolled proteins into er. Inflammation is an immune response to tissue and infection damage.
   • New discoveries: Activation of protective mechanisms, such as autophagy (process of cell self -cleaning) and a response system to incorrectly folded proteins (UPR), can help reduce cell stress and slow down aging.
   • Practical recommendations: Antioxidants, such as vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione, can help reduce oxidative stress. Regular physical exercises and limiting calorie content can stimulate autophagia. Reducing stress and the use of products rich in fiber can help reduce inflammation.

II. Molecular paths: Life expectancy regulators

1. MTOR: The main regulator of growth and aging: Mtor (Mammalian Target of Rapamycin) is a protein that regulates cell growth, metabolism and aging. MTOR activation stimulates cell growth, but also accelerates the aging process.
   • MTOR ACTION Mechanism: MTOR is activated by nutrients, growth factors and insulin. Activation of MTOR leads to protein synthesis, cell growth and suppression of autophagy.
   • New discoveries: MTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin, demonstrated the ability to extend the life expectancy of various animal species. Clinical trials of rapamycin in humans show an improvement in immune function and a decrease in the risk of developing age diseases.
   • Practical recommendations: The restriction of calorie and protein consumption can help reduce MTOR activity. Some studies indicate the potential benefits of certain nutricatics, such as turmeric and green tea, in a decrease in MTOR activity.
2. AMPK: Energy sensor and cell defender: AMPK (AMP-CTIVATED Protein Kinase) is a protein that is activated with energy deficiency and plays an important role in protecting cells from stress. Ampk activation stimulates autophagy, improves the function of mitochondria and reduces inflammation.
   • AMPK action mechanism: AMPK is activated when the ATP level (the main source of energy in the cells) and the increase in the level of AMF (energy deficit signal) is activated. AMPK activation leads to an increase in energy production, a decrease in energy consumption and protect cells from stress.
   • New discoveries: AMPK drugs, such as metformin and Berberin, showed the ability to prolong life expectancy in animals and improve human health.
   • Practical recommendations: Regular physical exercises and the limitation of calorie content activate AMPK. Some studies indicate the potential benefits of certain nutricatics, such as resveratrol and alpha-lipoic acid, in AMPK activation.
3. Sirtuins: Genoma guards and aging regulators: Sirtuins are a family of proteins that regulate the expression of genes, DNA reparation and metabolism. Sirtuins are activated in limiting calorie content and play an important role in protecting cells from aging.
   • SIRTUIONS mechanism: Sirtuins use nicotinin adenin dinucleotide (NAD+) as a coaching cofactor for protein deacethylization, including histones and transcription factors. Deecethylization of proteins leads to a change in genes expression, improving DNA repair and metabolism modulation.
   • New discoveries: Sirtuin activators, such as resveratrol and nicotinamide riboside (NR), showed the ability to extend life expectancy in animals and improve human health.
   • Practical recommendations: The limitation of calorie content and physical exercises activate sirtuins. Reception of nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinomide mononucleotide (NMN) can increase the level of NAD+ and activate sirtuins.
4. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1): dual growth regulator and aging: IGF-1 is a hormone that stimulates cell growth and plays an important role in the development of the body. However, the high level of IGF-1 can accelerate the aging process.
   • IGF-1 action mechanism: IGF-1 associates the IGF-1R receptor on the surface of the cells and activates the signal paths that stimulate cell growth, protein synthesis and the suppression of apoptosis.
   • New discoveries: A decrease in the level of IGF-1, achieved by limiting calorie content or genetic manipulation, showed the ability to extend life expectancy in animals.
   • Practical recommendations: The restriction of calorie and protein consumption can help reduce the level of IGF-1. Some studies indicate the potential benefits of certain nutricatics, such as Berberin and green tea, in a decrease in the level of IGF-1.
5. Inflammation: a quiet killer of youth: Low -level chronic inflammation (Inflammaging) is an inflammation that intensifies with age and promotes the development of age -related diseases.
   • Inflammaging development mechanism: Senscent cells, the dysfunction of the immune system and changes in the intestinal microbioma contribute to the development of Inflammaging.
   • New discoveries: A decrease in the level of inflammation can slow down the aging process and improve health.
   • Practical recommendations: A high content of antioxidants and anti -inflammatory products, regular physical exercises, a decrease in stress and maintaining a healthy intestinal microbioma can help reduce inflammation. Omega-3 fatty acids, curcumin and probiotics can have anti-inflammatory properties.

III. System level: integration and coordination of aging processes

1. Immune system: Defender and Balance offender: The immune system plays an important role in protecting the body from infections and diseases. However, with age, the function of the immune system deteriorates (immunocentation), which leads to increased susceptibility to infections and the development of autoimmune diseases.
   • The mechanism of immunocent: A decrease in the production of naive T cells and an increase in the number of sensory T cells contribute to immunocent.
   • New discoveries: Strengthening the immune system can slow down the aging process and improve health.
   • Practical recommendations: Vaccination, a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, physical exercises and a decrease in stress, can help strengthen the immune system. Vitamin D, zinc and selenium play an important role in maintaining immune function.
2. Nervous system: Control center of aging: The nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of physiological processes and cognitive functions. With age, the function of the nervous system worsens, which leads to a decrease in cognitive abilities, the development of neurodegenerative diseases and a violation of the regulation of other organs and systems.
   • The aging mechanism of the nervous system: The accumulation of beta-amyloid and tau-protein in the brain, a decrease in neurotransmitters and the deterioration of synaptic transmission contribute to the aging of the nervous system.
   • New discoveries: Maintaining brain health can slow down the aging process and improve cognitive functions.
   • Practical recommendations: Cognitive training, physical exercises, healthy nutrition and social activity can help maintain brain health. Omega-3 fatty acids, curcumin and caffeine can have neuroprotective properties.
3. Endocrine system: hormonal aging orchestra: The endocrine system plays an important role in the regulation of hormonal balance. With age, the level of some hormones decreases, which can lead to various health problems.
   • Hormonal aging mechanism: A decrease in the function of the glands of internal secretion, a change in tissue sensitivity to hormones and a violation of feedback in hormonal systems contribute to hormonal aging.
   • New discoveries: Maintaining hormonal balance can slow down the aging process and improve health.
   • Practical recommendations: A healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, physical exercises and a decrease in stress, can help maintain hormonal balance. Hormone therapy can be considered in some cases under the supervision of a doctor.
4. Intestinal microbia: an ally or enemy of youth: The intestinal microbia is a set of microorganisms that inhabit the intestines. The intestinal microbia plays an important role in maintaining health, including immune function, metabolism and cognitive functions. With age, the composition of the intestinal microbioma changes, which can contribute to the development of age -related diseases.
   • The mechanism of changes in the intestinal microbioma: Diet, antibiotic intake and other environmental factors can affect the composition of the intestinal microbioma.
   • New discoveries: Maintaining a healthy intestinal microbioma can slow down the aging process and improve health.
   • Practical recommendations: A high fiber diet, probiotics and prebiotics can help maintain a healthy intestinal microbia. Avoid excessive use of antibiotics.
5. Circat rhythms: internal hours of the body: Circat rhythms are 24-hour biological cycles that regulate sleep, appetite, hormonal activity and other physiological processes. With age, circus rhythms become less stable, which can lead to various health problems.
   • Mechanism of violation of circadian rhythms: The impact of light, social activity and other environmental factors affect circus rhythms.
   • New discoveries: Maintaining stable circadian rhythms can slow down the aging process and improve health.
   • Practical recommendations: Observe the regular sleep and wakefulness regime, avoid the effects of blue light before bedtime, spend time in the fresh air throughout the day and engage in physical exercises.

IV. New horizons: promising areas of research

1. Regenerative medicine: restoration of damaged tissues: Regenerative medicine is a field of medicine that is engaged in the restoration of damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells, genetic therapy and tissue engineering are promising areas in regenerative medicine.
   • Stem cells: Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various types of cells, which makes them a promising tool to restore damaged tissues.
   • Gene therapy: Gene therapy allows you to introduce genes into cells to treat diseases and restore functions.
   • Clack engineering: Fabric engineering allows you to create fabrics and organs in the laboratory to replace damaged tissues and organs.
2. Biohaking: Optimization of biological processes: Biohaking is a movement that is aimed at optimizing biological processes using various methods such as diet, physical exercises, nutricatics and technological devices.
   • Personalized medicine: Personalized medicine takes into account the genetic characteristics of a person to develop individual strategies for the treatment and prevention of diseases.
   • Health monitoring: Monitoring of health with the help of wearable devices and other technologies allows you to track the condition of the body and take measures to maintain health.
   • Nutricotics and supplements: Nutricotics and supplements can help optimize biological processes and maintain health.
3. Artificial intelligence and machine learning: data analysis and forecasting of aging: Artificial intelligence and machine learning are used to analyze large volumes of data and forecasting aging. These technologies can help identify the risk factors for aging and develop new strategies for the prevention and treatment of age -related diseases.
   • Identification of aging biomarkers: Artificial intelligence and machine learning can be used to identify aging biomarkers, which can be used to assess biological age and predict life expectancy.
   • Development of new drugs: Artificial intelligence and machine learning can be used to develop new drugs that can slow down the aging process and prevent the development of age -related diseases.
4. Nanotechnologies: Delivery Delivery and Diagnostics of Diseases: Nanotechnologies are used to develop new drug delivery systems and diagnosis of diseases. Nanoparticles can deliver drugs directly to damaged cells and tissues, which increases the effectiveness of treatment and reduces side effects.
   • Targeted drug delivery: Nanoparticles can be designed in such a way as to deliver medicines only to certain cells and tissues.
   • Early diagnosis of diseases: Nanoparticles can be used for early diagnosis of diseases when treatment is most effective.
5. Social and environmental factors: influence on life expectancy: Social and environmental factors, such as the level of education, income, access to medical services and the quality of the environment, have a significant impact on life expectancy.
   • Social inequality: Social inequality leads to differences in access to the resources necessary to maintain health, which affects life expectancy.
   • Environmental pollution: Environmental pollution can cause various diseases and reduce life expectancy.

In conclusion, research in the field of aging continues to develop, and new discoveries allow us to better understand the mechanisms of aging and develop new strategies to extend the life expectancy and improve health. A healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular physical exercises, a decrease in stress and maintaining a healthy intestinal microbioma, plays an important role in slowing down the aging process and improving the quality of life.

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