Bad for the heart: support and prevention

Bad for the heart: support and prevention

Section 1: Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart: The basis of understanding support

1. A brief overview of the anatomy of the heart:

   • The heart is a hollow muscle organ located in the chest.
   • It consists of four cameras: two atrium (upper) and two ventricles (lower).
   • The atrium takes blood, and the ventricles pump it into the lungs and the rest of the body.
   • Four valves (mitral, tricuspid, aortic and pulmonal) provide a single -controlled blood flow.
   • The wall of the heart consists of three layers: epicarda (external), myocardial (medium, muscle) and endocardium (internal).
   • The coronary arteries provide blood supply to the myocardium, which is critical of its functioning.

2. Physiology of the heart: how the heart cycle works:

   • The heart cycle consists of two phases: systole (contractions) and diastole (relaxation).
   • During systole, the ventricles contract and pour blood into the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
   • During diastole, the ventricles relax and are filled with blood from the atrial.
   • The heart rate (heart rate) – the number of heart beats per minute is regulated by the nervous system and hormones.
   • The stress volume (UO) is the volume of blood thrown out by the ventricle with each reduction.
   • Cardiac emission (SV) is the volume of blood thrown out by the heart per minute (heart rate x UO).
   • Arterial pressure (blood pressure) is the force with which blood presses on the walls of arteries is regulated by many factors, including blood volume, blood vessels and the activity of the nervous system.

3. The role of the heart in the blood circulation:

   • The heart is the central pump of the circulatory system.
   • It provides blood circulation throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs.
   • At the same time, the heart removes carbon dioxide and other metabolic products.
   • A small circle of blood circulation (lungs): blood from the right ventricle enters the lungs, where it is enriched with oxygen and gives carbon dioxide.
   • A large circle of blood circulation (body): blood from the left ventricle enters the aorta and further to all organs and tissues, giving oxygen and taking carbon dioxide.
   • Venous blood returns to the right atrium, completing the cycle.

4. The main risk factors for the health of the heart:

   • High blood pressure (hypertension).
   • High blood cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia).
   • Smoking.
   • Diabetes.
   • Obesity.
   • Insufficient physical activity.
   • Improper nutrition (an excess of saturated fats, trans fats, salt and sugar).
   • Age (risk of heart disease increases with age).
   • Family history of heart disease.
   • Chronic stress.

5. Early signs and symptoms of heart problems:

   • Pain in the chest (angina pectoris).
   • Shortness of breath (display).
   • Far heartbeat (tachycardia) or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia).
   • Swelling of the legs and ankles.
   • Fatigue.
   • Dizziness or fainting.
   • Weakness.
   • Increased sweating.

Section 2: Review of the underlying cardiovascular diseases

1. Corny heart (coronary heart disease):

   • Reason: narrowing or clogging of coronary arteries, most often due to atherosclerosis (accumulation of plaques on the walls of arteries).
   • Consequences: angina pectoris (chest pain), myocardial infarction (heart attack), heart failure, arrhythmia.
   • Risk factors: the same as the general risk factors for the health of the heart.

2. Hypertonic disease (hypertension):

   • Reason: increased blood pressure, often for no obvious causes (essential hypertension). Secondary hypertension can be caused by kidney diseases, hormonal disorders and other causes.
   • Consequences: heart damage (left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure), vascular damage (atherosclerosis, stroke), kidney damage (renal failure).
   • Risk factors: heredity, age, obesity, high salt consumption, insufficient potassium consumption, alcohol abuse, stress.

3. Heart failure:

   • Reason: the heart cannot effectively pump blood to satisfy the needs of the body. IBS, hypertension, heart defects, cardiomyopathy and other diseases can be caused.
   • Consequences: shortness of breath, swelling, fatigue, weakness, decreased tolerance to physical activity.
   • Types: heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) and heart failure with a reduced emission fraction (HFREF).

4. Arrhythmias (heart rhythm disturbances):

   • Reason: Violation of the electrical activity of the heart, which controls the heart rhythm.
   • Types: tachycardia (rapid heartbeat), bradycardia (slow heartbeat), atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation, extrasystoles.
   • Consequences: rapid heartbeat, dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath, chest pain, sudden heart death (with ventricular fibrillation).

5. Heart defects:

   • Reason: congenital or acquired defects of the heart structure (valves, partitions).
   • Types: valve stenosis (narrowing), valve deficiency (incomplete closure), defects of the atrial or inter -yielding partition.
   • Consequences: shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, heart failure, arrhythmias.

Section 3: The role of biologically active additives (dietary supplements) in heart support

1. Definition and classification of dietary supplements:

   • Dietary supplies are concentrates of natural or identical to natural biologically active substances designed for direct intake or introduction into food products in order to enrich the diet with individual food or biologically active substances and their complexes, as well as to maintain normal and restore impaired body functions.
   • Classification: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PNS), probiotics, prebiotics, plant extracts and others.

2. General principles for the use of dietary supplements to maintain the cardiovascular system:

   • It is important to consult a doctor before taking any dietary supplement, especially if you have any diseases or you take medicines.
   • Bad is not a replacement for drugs prescribed by a doctor.
   • Bad should be used as an addition to a healthy lifestyle (proper nutrition, physical activity, rejection of smoking and alcohol abuse).
   • It is important to choose high -quality dietary supplements from reliable manufacturers who conduct quality control of their products.
   • Follow the instructions for the use of dietary supplements indicated on the packaging.

3. Overview of the main dietary supplements used to support the heart and blood vessels:

   • Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PNS):
     • The mechanism of action: reduce the level of triglycerides in the blood, have anti -inflammatory effects, improve the function of the vascular endothelium, and reduce the risk of blood clots.
     • Indications: Prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease, hypertension, arrhythmias, hypercholesterolemia.
     • Sources: fish oil, linseed oil, chia oil.
   • Coenzim Q10 (COQ10):
     • The mechanism of action: antioxidant, participates in the production of energy in cells, improves myocardial function.
     • Indications: heart failure, hypertension, prevention of side effects of statins.
     • Sources: synthesized in the body, also contained in meat, fish, vegetables.
   • Magnesium:
     • The mechanism of action: regulates the heart rhythm, reduces blood pressure, improves the function of the vascular endothelium.
     • Indications: arrhythmias, hypertension, IBS prevention.
     • Sources: green leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole grains.
   • Potassium:
     • The mechanism of action: regulates blood pressure, maintains a normal heart rhythm.
     • Indications: hypertension, arrhythmias.
     • Sources: bananas, oranges, potatoes, tomatoes.
   • Vitamin D:
     • The mechanism of action: regulates blood pressure, improves the function of the vascular endothelium, and reduces the risk of IBS.
     • Indications: Prevention of coronary heart disease, hypertension.
     • Sources: It is synthesized in the skin under the influence of sunlight, also contained in oily fish, egg yolk.
   • Vitamin C:
     • The mechanism of action: antioxidant, strengthens the walls of blood vessels, reduces blood cholesterol.
     • Indications: Prevention of coronary heart disease, hypertension.
     • Sources: citrus fruits, berries, vegetables.
   • Vitamin E:
     • The mechanism of action: antioxidant, protects cholesterol from oxidation, reduces the risk of plaques in the arteries.
     • Indications: Prevention of coronary heart disease.
     • Sources: vegetable oils, nuts, seeds.
   • Garlic:
     • The mechanism of action: reduces blood pressure, blood cholesterol levels, has an antitrobotic effect.
     • Indications: hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, IBS prevention.
   • Hawthorn:
     • The mechanism of action: improves the blood supply to the myocardium, reduces blood pressure, has an antiarrhythmic effect.
     • Indications: heart failure, arrhythmias, hypertension.
   • L-Carnitin:
     • The mechanism of action: participates in the transportation of fatty acids to mitochondria for energy production, improves myocardial function.
     • Indications: heart failure, coronary artery disease.
   • Resveratrol:
     • The mechanism of action: antioxidant, has an anti -inflammatory effect, improves the function of the vascular endothelium.
     • Indications: Prevention of coronary heart disease.
     • Sources: red grapes, red wine, peanuts.
   • Curcumin:
     • The mechanism of action: antioxidant, has an anti -inflammatory effect, improves the function of the vascular endothelium.
     • Indications: Prevention of coronary heart disease.
     • Sources: turmeric.

4. A detailed consideration of the mechanisms of action of individual dietary supplements:

   • Omega-3 PNSK: Eicopentenic acid (EPA) and non-coshegexic acid (DHA) contained in fish oil have a favorable effect on the cardiovascular system due to several mechanisms. They reduce the level of triglycerides, which are one of the risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease. EPA and DHA also have anti -inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation in the vascular wall, which helps to prevent atherosclerosis. In addition, they improve the function of the endothelium, the inner layer of blood vessels, which plays an important role in the regulation of vascular tone and blood coagulation. EPA and DHA can also reduce the risk of blood clots, reducing platelet aggregation.
   • Coenzim Q10 (COQ10): COQ10 is an important component of mitochondria, cellular organelles responsible for energy production. It is involved in the transfer of electrons in the respiratory chain, providing the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main source of energy for cells. COQ10 is also a powerful antioxidant that protects the cells from damage to free radicals. In the heart COQ10 improves myocardial function, increasing its contractility and effectiveness. It can also reduce blood pressure and improve the function of the vascular endothelium.
   • Magnesium: Magnesium plays an important role in the regulation of heart rhythm, blood pressure and vascular function. It participates in the transport of potassium ions and calcium through cell membranes, which is necessary for normal electrical activity of the heart. Magnesium also has a vasodilating effect, reducing blood pressure. It can improve the function of the vascular endothelium and reduce the risk of blood clots. Magnesium deficiency can lead to arrhythmias, hypertension and increased risk of IBS.
   • Garlic: Garlic contains allicin, a compound that has numerous useful properties for the cardiovascular system. Allicine reduces blood pressure by relaxing the smooth muscles of blood vessels and an increase in nitrogen oxide (No), vasodilating substance. It also reduces blood cholesterol, reducing the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver and increasing its excretion. In addition, allicin has an antitrobotic effect, preventing platelet aggregation and blood clots.
   • Hawthorn: The hawthorn contains flavonoids and proshenidines, which have a favorable effect on the cardiovascular system. It improves myocardial blood supply, expanding the coronary arteries and increasing blood flow to the heart. The hawthorn also reduces blood pressure by relaxing the smooth muscles of the vessels and increasing NO products. In addition, it has an antiarrhythmic effect, stabilizing the heart rhythm and reducing the risk of arrhythmias.

5. Scientific research and evidence -based database of dietary supplements:

   • Give examples of specific studies confirming the effectiveness of individual dietary supplements to maintain the health of the heart and blood vessels. Indicate links to scientific publications.
   • Omega-3 PNZHK: Studies have shown that the regular use of omega-3 PNZHK reduces the risk of developing coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke and sudden heart death.
   • Coenzym Q10: Clinical trials have shown that COQ10 improves myocardial function in patients with heart failure, reduces blood pressure and reduces the side effects of statins.
   • Magnesium: Studies have shown that magnesium deficiency is associated with an increased risk of development of hypertension, arrhythmias and coronary heart disease. Magnesium additives can reduce blood pressure and improve the heart rhythm.
   • Garlic: Clinical tests showed that garlic reduces blood pressure, blood cholesterol and risk of blood clots.
   • Hawthorn: Studies have shown that hawthorn improves myocardial function in patients with heart failure, reduces blood pressure and reduces the frequency of arrhythmias.
   • Critically evaluate the quality of research and indicate restrictions. Not all studies have the same methodological severity. Some studies can be small in size, have a short duration or to be carried out using inadequate methods. It is important to consider these factors when assessing the effectiveness of dietary supplements.

Section 4: Rules for choosing and safety for the use of dietary supplements

1. Criteria for choosing high -quality dietary supplements:

   • Reliable manufacturer: Choose a dietary supplement from famous and respected manufacturers who have a good reputation and adhere to high quality standards.
   • Certification: Pay attention to the availability of quality certificates confirming the safety and effectiveness of dietary supplements.
   • Composition: Carefully study the composition of dietary supplements and make sure that it contains the declared ingredients in the necessary dosages.
   • Lack of impurities: Make sure that the dietary supplement does not contain harmful impurities, such as heavy metals, pesticides and other pollutants.
   • Best before date: Check the shelf life of dietary supplements before buying.
   • Output form: Choose the form of the release of dietary supplements, which is most convenient for you (capsules, tablets, powders, liquids).

2. Recommendations for use and dosage:

   • Consultation with a doctor: Be sure to consult a doctor before taking any dietary supplement, especially if you have any diseases or you take medications.
   • Compliance with instructions: Follow the instructions for use and dosage indicated on the package of dietary supplements.
   • The initial dose: Start with a low dose of dietary supplements and gradually increase it, if necessary, in accordance with the doctor’s recommendations.
   • Duration of admission: Determine the duration of dietary supplements with a doctor.
   • Regularity of reception: Take the dietary supplement regularly in accordance with the instructions.
   • Do not exceed the dose: Do not exceed the recommended dose of dietary supplements, as this can lead to undesirable side effects.

3. Interaction of dietary supplements with drugs:

   • Some dietary supplements can interact with drugs by changing their effectiveness or causing side effects.
   • Be sure to inform your doctor about all the dietary supplements that you take so that he can evaluate the risk of interaction with the medicines that he prescribed to you.
   • Examples of interaction:
     • Omega-3 PNZHK can enhance the effect of anticoagulants, such as warfarin, increasing the risk of bleeding.
     • Garlic can enhance the effect of anticoagulants and antiplatelets, such as aspirin and clopidogrel.
     • Hawthorn can enhance the effect of heart glycosides, such as digoxin.
     • Vitamin K can reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulants such as warfarin.

4. Side effects and contraindications:

   • Bad can cause side effects, albeit rarely.
   • The most common side effects:
     • Digestive disorders (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation).
     • Allergic reactions (skin rash, itching, edema).
     • Headache.
     • Dizziness.
   • Contraindications:
     • Individual intolerance to dietary supplements.
     • Pregnancy and breastfeeding (some dietary supplements can be contraindicated).
     • Children’s age (some dietary supplements may be contraindicated).
     • Severe diseases of the liver and kidneys (some dietary supplements can provide a load on these organs).
   • When any side effects appear, stop taking dietary supplements and consult a doctor.

5. Special groups of patients (pregnant, lactating, children, elderly):

   • Pregnant and lactating women need to consult a doctor before taking any dietary supplements, since some of them can be contraindicated or have a negative effect on the fetus or child.
   • Children also need to consult a doctor before taking dietary supplements, since the dosage and safety of some dietary supplements are not studied for children.
   • Older people may need to adjust the dose of dietary supplements, since they can reduce the function of the liver and kidneys, which can affect metabolism and elimination of dietary supplements from the body.

Section 5: Integrative approach to heart support: lifestyle and nutrition

1. The role of a healthy lifestyle in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases:

   • A healthy lifestyle is the basis for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
   • The main components of a healthy lifestyle:
     • Proper nutrition.
     • Regular physical activity.
     • Refusal of smoking.
     • Alcohol consumption restriction.
     • Weight control.
     • Stress management.
     • Regular medical examinations.

2. Dietary recommendations for the health of the heart:

   • Restriction of saturated and trans fats: Reduce the consumption of red meat, fatty dairy products, fried foods and fast food.
   • Increased consumption of unsaturated fats: Use more fish, rich omega-3 PNHK, olive oil, avocados, nuts and seeds.
   • Increase in fiber consumption: Eat more fruits, vegetables, whole grain products and legumes.
   • Salt consumption restriction: Try not to add salt to food and avoid eating products with a high salt content (canned food, sausages, sauces).
   • Sugar consumption restriction: Avoid the use of sweet drinks, sweets, cakes and other products with a high sugar content.
   • Increase in potassium consumption: Eat more bananas, oranges, potatoes and tomatoes.
   • Moderate alcohol consumption: If you drink alcohol, do it moderately (no more than 1 drink per day for women and no more than 2 drinks per day for men).
   • A variety of nutrition: Use a variety of products to get all the necessary nutrients.

3. Physical activity and its effect on the heart:

   • Regular physical activity strengthens the heart, reduces blood pressure, blood cholesterol, blood sugar and the risk of obesity.
   • It is recommended to engage in moderate physical activity of at least 150 minutes a week or intensive physical activity of at least 75 minutes a week.
   • Examples of moderate physical activity: walking, swimming, cycling.
   • Examples of intensive physical activity: running, aerobics, swimming at a fast pace.
   • Before starting physical activity, consult a doctor, especially if you have any diseases.

4. Stress management and its role in the health of the heart:

   • Chronic stress can negatively affect the cardiovascular system, increasing blood pressure, blood cholesterol and the risk of coronary heart disease.
   • Effective stress management methods:
     • Meditation.
     • Yoga.
     • Respiratory exercises.
     • Walking in nature.
     • Hobbies.
     • Communication with friends and family.
     • Psychotherapy (if necessary).

5. Sleep and its influence on the cardiovascular system:

   • The lack of sleep can increase blood pressure, blood cholesterol and the risk of coronary heart disease.
   • It is recommended to sleep at least 7-8 hours a day.
   • Tips for improving sleep:
     • Observe sleep mode (go to bed and wake up at the same time every day).
     • Create comfortable sleeping conditions (dark, quiet, cool room).
     • Avoid the use of caffeine and alcohol before bedtime.
     • Take physical activity regularly, but not before bedtime.
     • Take relaxing baths or shower before bedtime.

Section 6: Future dietary supplement for the heart: new research and prospects

1. New promising dietary supplements for maintaining heart health:

   • Pycnogenol: The bark extract of the French sea pine, which has antioxidant and anti -inflammatory properties.
   • Niacin (Vitamin B3): It can reduce LDL cholesterol (bad) and increase the level of HDL cholesterol (good).
   • Nattokinaza: An enzyme obtained from fermented soybeans, which has an antitrombotic effect.
   • Astaxanthin: Carotinoid pigment with powerful antioxidant properties.
   • Berberin: A plant alkaloid, which has lipidemic and hypoglycemic properties.

2. Recent scientific research in the field of dietary supplements for the heart:

   • Discuss recent studies on new dietary supplements and their influence on the cardiovascular system.
   • Give examples of specific research and their results.

3. Prospects for the use of dietary supplements in personalized medicine:

   • In the future, dietary supplements can be used within the framework of personalized medicine, when the choice of dietary supplements is based on individual genetic characteristics, biochemical indicators and risk factors of the patient.
   • This will allow you to choose the most effective and safe dietary supplements for each particular person.

4. The role of technology in the development and production of dietary supplements:

   • New technologies, such as nanotechnology and biotechnology, can be used to develop and produce dietary supplements with improved bioavailability and efficiency.
   • For example, nanoparticles can be used to deliver dietary supplements directly to target cells in the cardiovascular system.

5. Ethical aspects of the use of dietary supplements:

   • It is important to consider the ethical aspects of the use of dietary supplements, such as safety, efficiency and compliance with the requirements of the law.
   • It is necessary to conduct reliable information about dietary supplements so that consumers can make conscious decisions about their use.