How to choose sunscreen: ultraviolet protection protection

How to choose sunscreen: protection against ultraviolet radiation. Deep immersion

I. Ultraviolet radiation: invisible enemy of the skin

A. Spectrum of UV radiation: UVA, UVB, UVC:

1. UVC (100-280 nm): The shortest-wave and most dangerous type of UV radiation. Fortunately, it is almost completely absorbed by the atmosphere of the Earth, without reaching its surface. If UVC reached the surface, life in its current form would not be possible. It has a destructive effect on DNA and proteins.

2. UVB (280-320 nm): Responsibly for sunburn, redness of the skin, and plays a key role in the development of skin cancer. UVB radiation most intensively in the period from 10:00 to 16:00, especially in the summer months. It also stimulates the production of vitamin D in the skin, but this is a slight advantage compared to potential risk. The amount of UVB radiation reaching the surface of the Earth depends on the time of year, time of day, breadth and height above sea level. The higher these parameters, the more intense the UVB radiation. UVB penetrates the upper layers of the skin.

3. UVA (320-400 nm): It penetrates deeper into the skin than the UVB, and contributes to premature skin aging (photo starting), the formation of wrinkles, pigment spots, and also increases the risk of skin cancer. UVA radiation is less intensively than UVB, but it is present all year round, even in cloudy weather, and penetrates through the glass. UVA destroys collagen and elastin, structural proteins of the skin, responsible for its elasticity and elasticity. UVA can also cause DNA damage.

B. The effect of UV radiation on the skin:

1. Sun burns: Acute inflammatory skin damage caused by excessive effects of UVB radiation. It is characterized by redness, soreness, edema and in severe cases – the formation of bubbles. Repeated sunburns significantly increase the risk of skin cancer. Melanin, the pigment produced by the skin in response to the UV radiation, provides some protection against sunburn, but this protection is limited.

2. Photo starting: Premature aging of the skin caused by the chronic effect of UV radiation, especially UVA. It is manifested in the form of wrinkles, pigment spots (age stains), loss of elasticity, dryness and rough skin texture. Photo because is often more pronounced in areas of skin, constantly exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, arms and neckline. The destruction of collagen and elastin under the influence of UV radiation leads to a loss of elasticity and elasticity of the skin, which contributes to the formation of wrinkles.

3. Skin cancer: The most serious consequence of the effects of UV radiation. There are various types of skin cancer, including basal, flat cell cancer and melanoma. Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous type of skin cancer, which can quickly spread to other organs. UV radiation damages the DNA of skin cells, which can lead to the development of cancer cells. Regular use of sunscreen and other sun protection measures can significantly reduce the risk of skin cancer.

4. Eye damage: UV radiation can damage the eyes, causing cataracts, pterigium and other diseases. Eye protection with sunscreen with a UV filter is important to prevent these problems.

5. Suppression of the immune system: UV radiation can suppress the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections and other diseases.

C. Factors affecting the intensity of UV radiation:

1. Times of Day: The intensity of UV radiation is maximum in the middle of the day, from 10:00 to 16:00.

2. Top of year: The intensity of UV radiation is higher in the summer, when the sun is closer to the ground.

3. Latitude: The intensity of UV radiation is higher near the equator.

4. Altitude: The intensity of UV radiation increases with height, since the atmosphere is thinner and less absorbs UV radiation.

5. Cloudness: Clouds can block some of the UV radiation, but not all. Even in cloudy weather, it is important to use sunscreen.

6. Reflecting surfaces: Snow, water and sand reflect UV radiation, increasing the effect on the skin.

II. Sunscreen: barrier on the path of ultraviolette

A. Types of sunscreen filters:

1. Mineral filters (physical):

   a. Oxide Zinc (Zinc Oxide): A broadband filter that protects both UVA and UVB radiation. It is considered one of the safest and most effective sunscreen filters. Zinc oxide does not penetrate the skin, but remains on its surface, forming a physical barrier reflecting the UV radiation. Less annoying than chemical filters, so well suited for sensitive skin and children. In the past, zinc oxide could leave white plaque on the skin, but modern formulas often contain micronized or nanoparticles of zinc oxide, which are scattered more evenly and do not leave visible traces.

   b. Dioxide Titana (Titanium Dioxide): Also, a broadband filter that protects from UVA and UVB radiation. Like zinc oxide, titanium dioxide is a physical filter that does not penetrate the skin. It is also considered safe and effective, but can be slightly less effective in protecting from UVA radiation than zinc oxide. Like zinc oxide, titanium dioxide can leave white plaque on the skin, but modern formulas often contain micronized or titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

   c. Principle Actions: Mineral filters work, reflecting and scattering the UV radiation. They form a physical barrier on the surface of the skin, which prevents the penetration of UV radiation into the skin.

   d. Advantages: Safe for sensitive skin, pregnant and lactating women, children. Do not penetrate the skin. Effective immediately after application. Ecological.

   e. Flaws: They can leave white plaque on the skin, especially when used in large quantities. It can be more thick and more difficult to distribute on the skin than chemical filters.

2. Chemical filters:

   a. Октиноксат (Octinoxate/Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate): Protects from UVB radiation. One of the most common chemical filters. It can cause allergic reactions in some people. There are fears about its environmental impact, especially on coral reefs.

   b. Oxybenzone (Oxybenzone): Protects from UVA and UVB radiation. An effective filter, but can cause allergic reactions and hormonal disorders. It is considered harmful to coral reefs.

   c. Avobenzone (Avobenzone/Butyl Methodibenzoylmethane): Protects from UVA radiation. Unstable and requires stabilization by other filters for effective protection.

   d. Homosalat (Homosalate): Protects from UVB radiation. It can affect the hormonal background.

   e. Октисалат (Octisalate/Ethylhexyl Salicylate): Protects from UVB radiation. Used in combination with other filters to enhance protection.

   f. Thirdinolamine salicylate (trolamine salicylate): Protects from UVB radiation.

   g. Principle Actions: Chemical filters absorb UV radiation and convert it into heat, which is then released from the skin.

   h. Advantages: It is easier to apply and do not leave white plaque on the skin. Often used in lighter and more cosmetically elegant formulas.

   i. Flaws: Can cause allergic reactions and skin irritation. Some chemical filters can influence hormonal background. Many chemical filters are harmful to the environment, especially for coral reefs. They require application 20-30 minutes before the sun.

B. SPF (Sun Protection Factor): Sun protection factor:

1. Definition: SPF shows how well the sunscreen protects from UVB radiation causing sunburns.

2. How SPF works: SPF is measured by comparing the time required to obtain sunburn on the skin, protected by sunscreen, over time necessary to obtain sunburn on unprotected skin. For example, SPF 30 means you will take 30 times more time to get a sunburn than without the use of sunscreen.

3. SPF recommendations: Dermatologists recommend using SPF sunscreen with at least 30. For a long stay in the sun or for people with light skin, it is recommended to use SPF 50 or higher.

4. It is important to remember: SPF only applies to protection against UVB radiation. To protect yourself from UVA radiation, it is necessary to choose a sunscreen with a wide spectrum of action (Broad Spectrum).

5. SPF and time: SPF does not mean that you can stay in the sun for a certain time without re -applying sunscreen. Sunscreen cream must be re -applied every two hours or after swimming, sweating or wiping with a towel.

6. Real protection: There is no sunscreen that would provide 100% protection against UV radiation. Even SPF 50 does not block all UVB rays, but about 98%.

C. Broad Spectrum (wide spectrum): Protection from UVA and UVB:

1. The importance of protection from UVA: As mentioned earlier, UVA radiation penetrates deeper into the skin and promotes premature aging and increasing the risk of skin cancer.

2. How to choose a sunscreen with a wide range of action: On the label of the sunscreen should be the inscription “Broad Spectrum” or “wide spectrum”. This means that sunscreen provides protection from UVA and UVB radiation.

3. PA Rating (for Asian brands): Some Asian countries use the PA Rating system to designate protection against UVA radiation. PA+means minimal protection, PA ++++ – maximum protection.

4. UVA-PF (UVA Protection Factor): In some countries, for example, in Europe, the packaging indicates UVA-PF, which reflects the level of protection against UVA radiation. UVA-PF should be at least 1/3 of the SPF value.

D. Water resistance (Water Resistance):

1. What does “waterproof” mean: A waterproof sunscine cream retains its effectiveness after staying in water for a certain time. However, no sunscreen is completely waterproof.

2. Water resistance standards: There are two water resistance standards: 40 minutes and 80 minutes. On the label of the sunscreen cream, it should be indicated which standard of water resistance it corresponds.

3. It is important to remember: After staying in water, it is necessary to re -apply sunscreen, even if it is waterproof.

E. Forms of the release of sunscreen creams:

1. Cream: The classic form of release. Suitable for dry and normal skin. Provides good moisture.

2. Lotion: Easier texture than that of the cream. Suitable for normal and oily skin.

3. Gel: Very light texture. Suitable for oily and problem skin. Does not score pores.

4. Spray: It is convenient to use, especially for children and hard -to -reach areas of the body. It is important to apply the spray evenly and in sufficient quantities. It is not recommended to spray the spray near the face to avoid getting into the eyes and respiratory tract.

5. Style: Convenient for applying to small areas of the skin, such as lips, nose and ears.

6. Powder: Suitable for protecting the face from the sun, especially for those who wear makeup. Easily applied and does not leave a bold shine.

7. Oil: Some sunscreen oils contain mineral filters and provide good protection from the sun. Suitable for dry skin.

F. Ingredients that should be avoided:

1. Oxybenzone and Octinoxat: As mentioned earlier, these chemical filters can cause allergic reactions and are harmful to coral reefs.

2. Parabens (Parabens): Conserviers who can influence the hormonal background.

3. Ftalates: Plasticizers that can affect hormonal background.

4. Artificial flavors and dyes: They can cause allergic reactions and skin irritation, especially in people with sensitive skin.

5. Alcohol (Alcohol): Can dry the skin.

III. How to use sunscreen: the key to effective protection

A. Application:

1. When to apply: Sunscreen cream must be applied 20-30 minutes before the sun exit so that it manages to soak into the skin and begin to act (if it is a chemical filter). Mineral filters begin to act immediately after application.

2. How much to apply: It is recommended to apply about 30 ml (about one ounce) of the sunscreen for the whole body. This is approximately the amount that is placed in a glass. Do not save in sunscreen.

3. Where to apply: Apply sunscreen to all areas of the skin exposed to the sun, including the face, neck, ears, arms, legs and feet. Do not forget about hard -to -reach areas, such as the back.

4. Uniform distribution: Distribute the sunscreen on the skin evenly to provide complete protection. Do not rub the sun cream too much so as not to damage the skin.

B. Repeated application:

1. How often to repeat: Sunscreen cream must be re -applied every two hours or after swimming, sweating or wiping with a towel.

2. Why it is necessary to repeat: Sunscreen cream over time loses its effectiveness. Sleeping, swimming and wiping with a towel wash off sunscreen from the skin.

C. Best before date:

1. Checking the expiration date: Check the shelf life of the sunscreen before use. The sunscreen with an expired shelf life can be less effective.

2. How to store: Keep the sunscreen in a cool, dark place. Do not leave sunscreen in the sun or in the car, as this can lead to its degradation.

D. Sunscreen and makeup:

1. When to apply sunscreen: Sunscreen cream should be applied before makeup.

2. Selection of sunscreen for the face: Choose a sunscreen that is suitable for your skin type and does not clog pores. You can use sunscreen on top of makeup for additional protection.

E. Sunscreen for children:

1. Selecting sunscreen for children: Choose a sunscreen specially designed for children. It should be hypoallergenic, without fragrances and dyes. It is recommended to use sunscreen with mineral filters for children, as they are considered safer.

2. Application of sunscreen to children: Apply sunscreen to children 20-30 minutes before the sun and repeat the application every two hours or after swimming. Protect your face, neck, ears and hands of children.

3. Other measures of sun protection for children: In addition to sunscreen, put on a wide -brimmed hat, sunglasses and clothes with long sleeves on the children. Limit the time of children in the sun from 10:00 to 16:00.

F. Sunscreen for different skin types:

1. Dry skin: Choose sunscreen with moisturizing components such as hyaluronic acid, glycerin or oil.

2. Burnic leather: Choose sunscreen with light texture, such as gels or lotions. Avoid sunscreens containing oils. Look for non -masterly formulas (not clogging pores).

3. Sensitive skin: Choose sunscreen with mineral filters (zinc oxide or titanium dioxide). Avoid sunscreens containing fragrances, dyes and parabens.

4. Problem leather (acne): Choose sunscreen creams specially designed for problem skin. They must be non -item and not contain irritating ingredients.

G. Sunscreen and medicine:

1. Photoshensiisis: Some drugs can increase the sensitivity of the skin to the sun (photosensitization). If you take any medicine, consult a doctor or pharmacist to find out if they can cause photosensitization.

2. Sun protection when taking drugs: If you take medications that cause photosensitization, you must especially carefully protect the skin from the sun. Use a high SPF sunscreen, put on clothes with long sleeves and a hat, and limit the time of stay in the sun.

IV. Additional measures of sun protection: integrated approach

A. Cloth:

1. Type of fabric: Dark clothing and tightly woven fabrics provide better protection from the sun than light clothes and loose fabrics.

2. UPF (Ultraviolet Protection Factor): Some fabrics have a UPF rating, which shows how well they protect from UV radiation. UPF 50 means that the fabric passes only 1/50 part of the UV radiation.

3. Long sleeves and pants: Wear clothes with long sleeves and pants to protect the skin from the sun.

B. Hat:

1. Wide -browning hat: Wear a wide -brimmed hat to protect your face, neck and ears from the sun.

2. Hat material: Choose a hat made of dense fabric, such as cotton or flax.

C. Sunglasses:

1. UV protection protection: Wear sunglasses that block 99-100% UVA and UVB radiation.

2. Big glasses: Choose glasses with large lenses to provide maximum protection of the eyes and skin around the eyes.

D. Avoid the sun in the peak of activity:

1. Times of Day: Try to avoid staying in the sun from 10:00 to 16:00, when the intensity of UV radiation is maximum.

2. Shadow search: If you need to be in the sun, try to be in the shade.

E. Self -examination of the skin:

1. Regular inspection: Regularly inspect the skin for new moles, changes in existing moles or other suspicious formations.

2. Appeal to the doctor: If you notice any changes on the skin, consult a doctor. Early detection of skin cancer increases the chances of successful treatment.

V. Myths about sunscreen cream: we debunk misunderstandings

A. Myth 1: I do not need sunscreen in cloudy weather.

1. Reality: UV radiation penetrates through the clouds. Even in cloudy weather, it is necessary to use sunscreen.

B. Myth 2: I do not need sunscreen if I am dark -skinned by nature.

1. Reality: Dark -skinned skin provides some sun protection, but not complete. People with dark skin can also get sunburn and are at risk of developing skin cancer.

C. Myth 3: Sunscreen Cream blocks the production of vitamin D.

1. Reality: Sunscreen can reduce the production of vitamin D, but does not block it completely. A small amount of sunlight is enough to develop the required amount of vitamin D. If you are concerned about vitamin D deficiency, consult a doctor and consider the possibility of taking additives.

D. Myth 4: SPF 100 provides a double protection than SPF 50.

1. Reality: SPF 50 blocks about 98% UVB ray, and SPF 100-about 99%. The difference in protection is insignificant. It is important to use SPF sunscreen at least 30 and apply it in sufficient quantities.

E. Myth 5: Sunscreen protects me from all the harmful effects of the sun.

1. Reality: Sunscreen protects from UVB and UVA radiation, but not from infrared radiation and visible light. Other protection measures from the sun, such as clothing, hat and sunglasses, are also important.

F. Myth 6: One bottle of sunscreen should be enough for the whole summer.

1. Reality: For effective protection, it is necessary to apply a sufficient amount of sunscreen and repeat the application every two hours or after bathing. One bottle, most likely, will not be able to provide such protection for the whole summer if you actively use sunscreen.

VI. Sunscreen and environment: responsible choice

A. The influence of chemical filters on coral reefs:

1. Oxybenzone and Octinoxat: These chemical filters can damage the Coral DNA, cause their discoloration (discoloration) and slow down their growth.

2. Legislation: In some countries and regions, the use of sunscreen creams containing oxybenzone and octinovsate is prohibited to protect coral reefs.

B. How to choose a sunscreen, safe for the environment:

1. Mineral filters: Choose sunscreen with mineral filters (zinc oxide or titanium dioxide). They are considered safer for the environment than chemical filters.

2. “Reef-safe” и “reef-friendly”: Look for the marking “Reef-Safe” (safe for reefs) or “REEF-FRIENDLY” (friendly to reefs) on the packaging of sunscreen. However, be careful, since this marking does not always mean that the product is completely safe for the environment.

3. Without nanoparticles: Choose sunscreen creams without nanoparticles. Although the nanoparticles of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are considered safe for the skin, their effect on the aquatic environment is still not well studied.

4. Biodegradable packaging: Choose sunscreens with biodegradable packaging to reduce environmental impact.

5. Less packaging: Consider the possibility of buying sunscreen in a large package to reduce the amount of waste.

C. Sunscreen disputing cream:

1. Do not throw the sunscreen into the sewer: This can pollute water resources.

2. Correct utilization: Use the sunscreen in accordance with the local waste disposal rules. If you do not know how to correctly dispose of the sunscreen, contact the local waste disposal center.

VII. Conclusion:

The choice of sunscreen is an important step in protecting your skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation. Remember the types of UV radiation, types of sunscreen filters, SPF, a wide range of action, water resistance and other factors that must be taken into account when choosing sunscreen. The correct use of sunscreen in combination with other measures from the sun will help you maintain the health and beauty of the skin for many years. Do not forget about the responsible attitude to the environment when choosing a sunscreen.

VIII. Examples of brands of sunscreens: (This section should be filled with examples of brands that correspond to the criteria described in the article, depending on the type of filters, SPF, water resistance, skin type, etc. The section should be relevant and contain information about the brands available on the market.)