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Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: complete guidance
I. Understanding of cardiovascular diseases (SVP)
Cardiovascular diseases (SSZ) are a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels. They are a leading cause of death around the world. Understanding of various types of SVDs, risk factors and mechanisms of their development is crucial for effective prevention.
A. Types of cardiovascular diseases
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Corny heart (coronary heart disease): The most common type of CVD that occurs due to narrowing of the coronary arteries that supply the heart with blood. This narrowing is usually caused by the accumulation of plaques consisting of cholesterol, fats and other substances, in the walls of arteries (atherosclerosis). IBS can lead to angina pectoris (chest pain), myocardial infarction (heart attack) and heart failure.
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Stroke: It occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted, either due to the blockage of the blood vessel (ischemic stroke), or due to the rupture of the blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). A stroke can lead to irreversible damage to the brain, disability and death.
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Heart failure: A condition in which the heart cannot pump blood enough to meet the needs of the body. Heart failure can be caused by various heart diseases, including coronary heart disease, hypertension and heart valves.
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Arrhythmias: Unregular heart rhythms that can be too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia) or irregular (fibrillation). Some arrhythmias are harmless, while others can be life -threatening.
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Heart valves: Diseases affecting one or more heart valves that control the blood flow through the heart. Damaged or sore valves can interfere with blood flow or cause a return current.
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Congenital heart defects: Heart defects present at birth. They can vary from insignificant to serious and may require surgical intervention.
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Diseases of the peripheral arteries (BPA): The narrowing of the arteries that supply the limbs, most often legs. BPA can cause pain in the legs when walking (intermittent chroma), and also increases the risk of heart attack and stroke.
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Aortic diseases: Diseases that affect the aorta, the largest artery in the body. They can include aneurysms (protrusion of the aorta wall) and stratification (gaps of the aorta wall).
B. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases
The risk factors of the SSZ can be divided into modified (those that can be changed) and non -modeled (those that cannot be changed).
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Modified risk factors:
- High blood pressure (hypertension): Blood pressure above 140/90 mm RT. Art. Increases the load on the heart and blood vessels.
- High cholesterol level: The high level of “bad” cholesterol (LDL) contributes to the accumulation of plaques in the arteries.
- Smoking: Damages blood vessels, increases blood pressure and reduces the level of “good” cholesterol (HDL).
- Diabetes sugar: Damages blood vessels and increases the risk of other Risk risk factors.
- Obesity and overweight: Increase blood pressure, cholesterol and the risk of diabetes.
- Lack of physical activity: Increases the risk of obesity, high blood pressure, high level of cholesterol and diabetes.
- Inal meals: A high content of saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, salt and sugar increases the risk of SSZ.
- Excessive drinking: It can increase blood pressure, damage the heart and increase the risk of stroke.
- Stress: Chronic stress can increase blood pressure and increase the risk of other Risk risk factors.
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Unmodified risk factors:
- Age: The risk of the SPA increases with age.
- Floor: Men, as a rule, are at greater risk of SVD than women, especially at a younger age. After menopause, the risk for women increases.
- Family history: The presence in the family history of the early SPZ (up to 55 years in men and up to 65 years in women) increases the risk.
- Race/ethnicity: Some racial and ethnic groups, such as African -Americans, are at greater risk of SVD.
C. Mechanisms for the development of cardiovascular diseases
The development of SVD is a complex process that includes many factors. The key mechanism is atherosclerosis, which leads to narrowing and hardening of the arteries.
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Atherosclerosis:
- Damage to the endothelium (internal lining of arteries): Factors, such as high blood pressure, smoking and high cholesterol, can damage endothelium.
- The accumulation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) in the artery wall: LDL, especially the oxidized LDL, penetrate the wall of the arteries and start the inflammatory process.
- Inflammation: immune cells, such as macrophages, absorb LDL and turn into foamy cells. These foamy cells accumulate and form fat stripes, which are the early signs of atherosclerosis.
- Formation of plaques: over time, fat stripes progress in plaques, which consist of lipids, cholesterol, calcium and other substances. Plains can increase in size and narrow the artery, limiting blood flow.
- Plaster rupture: plaques can become unstable and burst, which leads to the formation of a thrombus. A blood clot can block the artery and cause a heart attack or stroke.
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Other mechanisms:
- Bromback formation: the formation of blood clots (blood clots) can block arteries and cause heart attacks and strokes.
- Inflammation: Inflammation plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and other SSZs.
- Endothelial dysfunction: impaired endothelium function, internal lining of arteries, can contribute to the development of SVD.
- Oxidative stress: the imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability of the body to neutralize them can damage cells and contribute to the development of SVD.
II. Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases
Primary prevention is aimed at preventing the development of SVD in people who do not yet have these diseases. It includes a change in lifestyle and, in some cases, drug treatment.
A. A healthy lifestyle
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Proper nutrition:
- Mediterranean diet: This diet is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grain products, fish, bird, olive oil and nuts. It limits red meat, treated foods and sweet drinks.
- Диета DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension): This diet is specially designed to reduce blood pressure. It is rich in fruits, vegetables, low -powered dairy products and whole grains. It limits sodium, saturated fats and cholesterol.
- Restriction of saturated and trans fats: These fats increase the level of “bad” cholesterol (LDL). They are found in fatty meat, processed foods and fried foods.
- Increase in fiber consumption: Fiber helps reduce cholesterol and blood pressure. It is found in fruits, vegetables, whole grain products and legumes.
- Moderate consumption of sodium: High sodium consumption can increase blood pressure. Limit the consumption of processed products, salted appetizers and dining rooms.
- Moderate sugar consumption: High sugar consumption can increase the level of triglycerides and increase the risk of diabetes. Limit the consumption of sweet drinks, desserts and processed products.
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Regular physical activity:
- Aerobic exercises: At least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity are recommended (for example, fast walking, swimming, cycling) or 75 minutes of intensive aerobic activity (for example, running, aerobics) per week.
- Power exercises: It is recommended to perform strength exercises that use all the main muscle groups at least twice a week.
- Reducing a sedentary lifestyle: Try to sit less and move more during the day.
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Refusal of smoking:
- Smoking is the main risk factor in the SSZ. Refusal of smoking is one of the most important things that you can do for the health of your heart.
- Seek for help to specialists to quit smoking.
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Maintaining a healthy weight:
- Obesity and overweight increase the risk of SCZ. Strive for a healthy body weight (BMI) from 18.5 to 24.9.
- The discharge of even a small amount of weight can improve your heart health.
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Stress management:
- Chronic stress can increase blood pressure and increase the risk of the SVD.
- Find healthy ways to manage stress, such as meditation, yoga, ta-chi, nature walks or communication with friends and family.
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Sufficient sleep:
- The lack of sleep can increase blood pressure, cholesterol and the risk of diabetes.
- Try to sleep 7-8 hours a day.
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Alcohol use restriction:
- Excessive alcohol consumption can increase blood pressure, damage the heart and increase the risk of stroke.
- If you drink alcohol, do it moderately (no more than one drink per day for women and no more than two drinks per day for men).
B. Drug treatment (in certain cases)
In some cases, drug treatment may be necessary to reduce the risk of SVD, especially in people with high risk.
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Statin: Medicines that reduce the level of “bad” cholesterol (LDL).
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Drugs for reducing blood pressure: Various types of drugs that help reduce blood pressure, such as diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptors.
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Aspirin: In some cases, it can be recommended to take aspirin in low doses to prevent a heart attack and stroke.
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Other drugs: Depending on individual risk factors, other drugs can be recommended, such as drugs for reducing the level of triglycerides or drugs for the treatment of diabetes.
C. Regular medical examinations
Regular medical examinations are important for identifying the risk factors of the SVD and monitor your heart health.
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Measurement of blood pressure: Regularly measure blood pressure to detect and treat hypertension.
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Blood test for cholesterol: Spended cholesterol regularly to identify and treat a high cholesterol level.
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Checking blood sugar: Consider the blood sugar regularly to detect and treat diabetes.
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Discussion of family history: Tell your doctor about your family history of the SSZ.
III. Secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases
Secondary prophylaxis is aimed at preventing the progression of SVD in people who already have these diseases. It includes a change in lifestyle, drug treatment and, in some cases, surgical intervention.
A. Life (the same recommendations as with primary prevention, but with an even greater accent for compliance with recommendations)
- Proper nutrition.
- Regular physical activity.
- Refusal of smoking.
- Maintaining a healthy weight.
- Stress management.
- A sufficient dream.
- Restriction of alcohol consumption.
B. Drug treatment (more intense than with primary prevention)
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Statin: Higher doses of statins can be necessary to reduce the level of “bad” cholesterol (LDL) to the target level.
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Drugs for reducing blood pressure: It may be required to take several drugs to reduce blood pressure to the target level.
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Antitrombocytic drugs: Aspirin, clopidogrel and other antitromobocytic drugs help prevent blood clots.
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Beta blockers: These drugs help reduce heart rate and blood pressure.
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ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers: These drugs help reduce blood pressure and protect the heart and kidneys.
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Other drugs: Depending on the specific type of SSZ and individual risk factors, other drugs can be recommended.
C. Surgical intervention (in certain cases)
In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary for the treatment of SSZ.
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Angioplasty and stenting: Procedures used to open blocked coronary arteries. During angioplasty, a cylinder is introduced into the artery, which is inflated to expand the artery. Then a stent (small metal grid) can be installed in the artery to prevent its repeated narrowing.
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Shunting of the coronary arteries (AKSh): Surgical surgery in which a new path for blood flow around the blocked coronary artery is created. During AKSh, a blood vessel taken from another part of the body (for example, from the leg or arm) is used to create a shunt around the blocked artery.
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Cold valve replacement: A surgical operation in which a damaged heart valve is replaced by an artificial or biological valve.
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Installation of a pacemaker or defibrillator: Implantable devices that help control the heart rhythm. Pacemakers are used to treat slow heart rhythms, and defibrillers are used to treat life -threatening heart rhythms.
D. rehabilitation of the heart
The rehabilitation of the heart is a program that helps people who have undergone a heart attack, a stroke or other SSZs, recover and improve their health. It includes physical exercises, teaching a healthy lifestyle and psychological support.
IV. Specific prevention strategies for different population groups
A. Children and adolescents:
- Instilling healthy habits at an early age: Encourage healthy nutrition, regular physical activity and refusal of smoking from an early age.
- Restriction of the time spent in front of the screen: Reduce the time spent in front of the TV, computer and other screens.
- Maintaining a healthy weight: Encourage healthy nutrition and physical activity to prevent obesity and overweight.
B. Women:
- Accounting for hormonal factors: Women are at greater risk of SVD after menopause due to a decrease in estrogen level.
- Control over blood pressure during pregnancy: High blood pressure during pregnancy (preeclampsia) can increase the risk of SVD in the future.
- Awareness of specific symptoms: Symptoms of a heart attack in women may differ from symptoms in men.
C. Older people:
- Adaptation of physical activity: Physical activity should be adapted to the physical capabilities of older people.
- Monitoring of drugs: Elderly people often take several drugs that can interact with each other and increase the risk of CVD.
- Management of related diseases: Elderly people often have other diseases, such as diabetes and kidney disease, which can increase the risk of CVD.
D. People with diabetes:
- Careful control of blood sugar: Maintain blood sugar within the target range.
- Control of blood pressure and cholesterol level: Control blood pressure and cholesterol to reduce the risk of SVD.
- Regular legs examinations: People with diabetes are at greater risk of peripheral arterial diseases and should regularly undergo legs examinations.
E. People with SSZ family history:
- The earlier start of prevention: Start preventive measures earlier than people without a SSZ family history.
- More thorough monitoring of risk factors: Consider blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar level regularly.
- Discussion with a doctor about additional measures: Discuss with your doctor the need to take medicine or additional examinations.
V. New directions in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases
A. Genetic testing:
Genetic testing can help identify people with a high genetic risk of SPS. This information can be used to develop individual prevention strategies.
B. New medications:
New drugs are being developed to reduce the level of cholesterol, blood pressure and other RISK risk factors.
C. Microbiom of the intestine:
Studies show that intestinal microbia can play a role in the development of SVD. Modification of the intestinal microbioma using a diet or probiotics can be a promising prevention strategy.
D. Personalized medicine:
Personalized medicine uses genetic, molecular and clinical information to develop individual strategies for the prevention and treatment of SVD.
VI. Psychological aspects of the prevention of cardiovascular diseases
A. Motivation to a change in lifestyle:
A change in lifestyle requires motivation and commitment. It is important to find ways to remain motivated and overcome obstacles.
B. Psychological support:
Psychological support can help people cope with stress, anxiety and depression, which can increase the risk of SSZ.
C. Social support:
Social support from the family, friends and colleagues can facilitate a change in lifestyle and improve treatment results.
VII. Public health and prevention of cardiovascular diseases
A. Politics of healthcare:
Health Policy can contribute to the prevention of SVD, creating more healthy living conditions and facilitating access to preventive services.
B. Educational campaigns:
Educational campaigns can increase awareness of SSZ and risk factors, as well as promote a healthy lifestyle.
C. Screening:
Screening for the risk factors of the SSZ, such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol, can help identify people in need of preventive treatment.
VIII. Conclusion
Prevention of cardiovascular diseases is a multifaceted process that requires a combination of a healthy lifestyle, medical treatment (in certain cases) and regular medical examinations. Starting prevention at an early age and adhering to it throughout life, you can significantly reduce the risk of SSZ and improve the quality of life.