Life and habitat: health risk factors

I. Nutrition and health:

Unstable nutrition:
1. Excessive calorie intake: The constant excess of the daily calorie norm, especially due to fats and simple carbohydrates, leads to excess weight and obesity. Obesity is a key risk factor for the development of many diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, some types of cancer and joint problems. The mechanisms of action include an increase in the level of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol (“poor” cholesterol), a decrease in the level of HDL cholesterol (“good” cholesterol), an increase in insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. Risk factors: genetic predisposition, sedentary lifestyle, eating a large amount of processed food, rich in sugar and fats, improper food habits formed in childhood.
2. Insufficient intake of nutrients: Vitamin deficiency (A, C, D, E, E, E, Minerals (calcium, iron, zinc, iodine), fiber and essential fatty acids negatively affects the work of all body systems. For example, vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, some types of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Iron deficiency leads to anemia, fatigue and a decrease in immunity. Iodine deficiency causes disorders in the thyroid gland. Fiber is important for maintaining intestinal health, controlling blood sugar and reducing cholesterol. Risk factors: monotonous nutrition, diet with calories, vegetarianism/veganism without proper planning, disease that violate the absorption of nutrients.
3. High consumption of processed food: Processed food often contains a large amount of added sugar, salt, saturated and trans fats, as well as artificial additives. These ingredients are associated with an increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer. Trans-fats, in particular, increase the level of “poor” cholesterol and reduce the level of “good” cholesterol, significantly increasing the risk of heart disease. High salt content helps to increase blood pressure. Risk factors: availability and low cost of processed foods, aggressive advertising, lack of time to cook healthy food.
4. Irregular nutrition: Passing meals, especially breakfast, and an irregular nutrition schedule can lead to metabolic disorders, overeating into subsequent meals and an increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Unregular nutrition can also cause fluctuations in blood sugar, which leads to fatigue, irritability and a decrease in concentration. Risk factors: a stressful schedule of work, the lack of time to cook food, the habit of skipping meals.
Specific food risks:
1. The use of low -quality water: Contaminated water may contain pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites), toxic chemicals (heavy metals, pesticides) and other pollutants that can cause various diseases, including infections, poisoning and chronic diseases. For example, water pollution with arsenic is associated with an increased risk of developing skin cancer, light and bladder. Risk factors: lack of access to pure drinking water, the use of water from dubious sources (wells, springs), insufficient disinfection of water.
2. Food poisoning: Eating of food infected with bacteria (salmonella, E. coli), viruses (norovirus, hepatitis a) or toxins (botulism) can lead to food poisoning. Symptoms vary from the lungs (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) to severe (paralysis, death). Risk factors: improper storage and cooking, use of raw or insufficiently thermally processed products, violation of hygiene rules.
3. Allergies and intolerance: Food allergies (the reaction of the immune system to certain products) and food intolerance (the inability of the body to digest certain products) can cause a wide range of symptoms, from lungs (itching, urticaria) to severe (anaphylactic shock). The most common food allergens: milk, eggs, peanuts, nuts, soy, wheat, fish and seafood. Risk factors: genetic predisposition, early introduction of complementary foods, disorders of the intestinal microflora.
4. High sugar consumption: Excessive consumption of sugar, especially in the form of added sugar in drinks and processed products, is associated with an increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, caries and certain types of cancer. Sugar causes sharp jumps in blood sugar, which leads to insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. Risk factors: the habit of drinking sweet drinks and processed products, lack of information about the dangers of sugar.
5. High salt consumption: Excessive consumption of salt (sodium) helps to increase blood pressure, which is the main risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, stroke and kidney diseases. Most people consume much more salt than recommended, mainly due to the use of processed products. Risk factors: the habit of salting food, eating a large number of processed products, lack of information about the dangers of salt.

II. Physical activity and health:

Hypodynamia (sedentary lifestyle):
1. Reducing muscle mass and strength: The lack of physical activity leads to muscle atrophy, which reduces the strength, endurance and functionality of the body. The muscles play an important role in the metabolism, therefore, a decrease in muscle mass can lead to a slowdown in metabolism and an increase in the risk of obesity and diabetes of type 2.
2. Violation of the cardiovascular system: A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, stroke and high blood pressure. Physical activity strengthens the heart muscle, reduces the level of LDL cholesterol (“bad” cholesterol) and increases the level of HDL cholesterol (“good” cholesterol), improves blood circulation and reduces the risk of blood clots.
3. Weakening of bone tissue: A lack of physical activity leads to a decrease in bone density, which increases the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Physical activity, especially weighting exercises, stimulates the formation of bone tissue and strengthens the bones.
4. Increasing the risk of the development of metabolic syndrome: Metabolic syndrome is a complex of metabolic disorders, including obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar and an abnormal cholesterol level. A sedentary lifestyle is one of the main risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome.
5. Mental health deterioration: The lack of physical activity is associated with an increased risk of development of depression, anxiety and other mental disorders. Physical activity contributes to the production of endorphins that improve mood and reduce stress.
Types of physical activity and their influence:
1. Aerobic exercises: Exercises that increase heart rate and breathing, such as walking, running, swimming and cycling. Aerobic exercises improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system, reduce blood pressure, increase the level of “good” cholesterol and help control weight.
2. Power exercises: Exercises that strengthen muscles, such as lifting weights, push -ups and squats. Power exercises increase muscle mass, strengthen the bones and improve metabolism.
3. Flexibility exercises: Exercises that improve the range of movements in the joints, such as stretching and yoga. Flexibility exercises reduce the risk of injuries, improve posture and reduce muscle pain.
4. Exercise of equilibrium: Exercises that improve balance, such as tai-chi and standing on one leg. Equilibrium exercises reduce the risk of falls, especially in the elderly.
Physical activity recommendations:
1. Minimum recommendations: Adults are recommended to be given at least 150 minutes a week of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes a week of intensive aerobic activity, as well as perform strength exercises at least twice a week.
2. Advantages of increasing activity: An increase in the duration and intensity of physical activity can bring additional benefits to health.
3. Start with small: People who lead a sedentary lifestyle should begin with small and gradually increase the duration and intensity of physical activity.
4. Choosing pleasant activity: It is important to choose a type of physical activity that you like to make it easier to adhere to regular classes.

III. Bad habits and health:

Smoking:
1. Lung cancer: Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer, it accounts for about 80-90% of cases. Tobacco smoke contains more than 70 carcinogenic substances that damage the cells of the lungs and lead to the development of cancer.
2. Cardiovascular diseases: Smoking increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, stroke and atherosclerosis. Nicotine narrows blood vessels, increases blood pressure and increases heart rate. Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) reduces the ability of blood to tolerate oxygen.
3. Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD): Smoking is the main cause of COPD, a disease that is characterized by an irreversible limitation of the air flow in the lungs. Cobble leads to shortness of breath, cough and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.
4. Other types of cancer: Smoking is associated with an increased risk of developing many other types of cancer, including cancer of the oral cavity, throat, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, cervix and leukemia.
5. Other negative consequences: Smoking also causes other negative consequences for health, such as deterioration in the condition of the skin, teeth and gums, a decrease in fertility, increasing the risk of cataracts and macular degeneration.
Alcohol abuse:
1. Liver diseases: Alcohol abuse is the main cause of liver diseases, such as alcohol hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. Alcohol damages liver cells and leads to inflammation and scarring.
2. Cardiovascular diseases: Alcohol abuse increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as high blood pressure, cardiomyopathy and stroke.
3. Cancer: Alcohol abuse is associated with an increased risk of developing cancer of the oral cavity, throat, esophagus, liver, breast and colon.
4. Mental disorders: Alcohol abuse increases the risk of depression, anxiety, psychosis and other mental disorders.
5. Accidents and injuries: Alcohol abuse increases the risk of accidents and injuries, such as traffic accidents, falls and drowning.
Drug use:
1. Physical consequences: Drug use can cause a wide range of physical consequences, including organs damage, infection, overdose and death. The specific consequences depend on the type of drug used.
2. Mental consequences: Drug use can cause mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, psychosis and dependence.
3. Social consequences: Drug use can lead to social isolation, financial problems, problems with the law and the destruction of relations.
Other bad habits:
1. Excessive caffeine use: Excessive use of caffeine can cause anxiety, insomnia, a rapid heartbeat and other negative consequences.
2. Lack of sleep: The lack of sleep can lead to fatigue, a decrease in concentration of attention, irritability and increased risk of developing various diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
3. Chronic stress: Chronic stress can negatively affect health, increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, depression, anxiety and other diseases.

IV. Environment and health:

Air pollution:
1. Solid particles (PM2.5, PM10): Solid particles are the smallest particles balanced in the air, which can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause various diseases, including respiratory infections, bronchitis, asthma, cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer. PM2.5 (particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers) are especially dangerous, since they can penetrate the bloodstream and have a systemic effect on the body.
2. Ozon (O3): Ozone is a gas that is formed as a result of chemical reactions between pollutants in the presence of sunlight. High concentrations of ozone can cause lung irritation, cough, shortness of breath and a decrease in the function of the lungs.
3. Nitrogen dioxide (No2): Nitrogen dioxide is a gas that is formed as a result of the burning of fossil fuel. High concentrations of nitrogen dioxide can cause lung irritation, coughing and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.
4. Sulfur dioxide (SO2): Sulfur dioxide is a gas that is formed as a result of the burning of fossil fuel containing sulfur. High concentrations of sulfur dioxide can cause lung irritation, cough and shortness of breath.
5. Air pollution sources: The main sources of air pollution: industry, transport, energy and agriculture.
Water pollution:
1. Pathogenic microorganisms: Water contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites) can cause various infectious diseases, such as diarrhea, dysentery, cholera and hepatitis A.
2. Chemical pollutants: Water contaminated with chemical pollutants (heavy metals, pesticides, industrial waste) can cause various chronic diseases, including cancer, damage to the nervous system and reproductive disorders.
3. Nitrate: High concentrations of nitrates in drinking water can be hazardous to health, especially for babies, as they can cause methemoglobinemia (the syndrome of the “blue child”).
4. Sources of water pollution: The main sources of water pollution: industrial enterprises, agricultural lands, household wastewater and unauthorized landfills.
Soil pollution:
1. Heavy metals: The soil, contaminated with heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic), may pose a danger to human health with direct contact, inhalation of dust or the use of products grown on polluted soil. Heavy metals can accumulate in the body and cause various diseases, including damage to the nervous system, kidneys and liver.
2. Pesticides and herbicides: The soil contaminated with pesticides and herbicides can be a danger to human health with direct contact, dust inhaling or using products treated with pesticides and herbicides. Some pesticides and herbicides are carcinogens and can cause cancer.
3. Industrial waste: The soil, contaminated with industrial waste, may contain various toxic substances that may pose a danger to human health.
4. Sources of soil pollution: The main sources of soil pollution: industrial enterprises, agricultural lands, landfills and accidents at industrial facilities.
Noise:
1. Hearing loss: Long -term exposure to loud noise can lead to hearing loss.
2. Cardiovascular diseases: Noise can increase blood pressure, increase heart rate and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
3. Sleep violation: Noise can violate the dream, which leads to fatigue, a decrease in concentration of attention and an increased risk of developing various diseases.
4. Mental disorders: Noise can cause stress, anxiety and irritability, as well as aggravate the symptoms of mental disorders.
5. Sources of noise: The main sources of noise: transport, industry, construction and entertainment institutions.
Radiation:
1. Ionizing radiation: Ionizing radiation (X-ray radiation, gamma radiation, alpha particles, beta-parts) can damage DNA and cause cancer, as well as other diseases.
2. Non -onization radiation: Nonionizing radiation (radio waves, microwaves, electromagnetic fields) can have a biological effect on the body, but the risk of diseases associated with the effects of non -ionizing radiation remains the subject of scientific research.
3. Radiation sources: Radiation sources: natural sources (cosmic radiation, radioactive elements in the soil), medical procedures (X -ray pictures, computed tomography), industrial enterprises (nuclear power plants), household appliances (mobile phones, microwave ovens).

V. Socio-economic factors and health:

Poverty:
1. Malnutrition: People living in poverty often do not have access to a sufficient amount of nutrient food, which can lead to a deficiency of vitamins and minerals, malnutrition and increased risk of developing various diseases.
2. Poor housing: People living in poverty often live in poor -quality housing, which can be overpopulated, poorly ventilated and contain dangerous materials, such as lead and asbestos. This can lead to increased risk of the development of respiratory infections, poisoning and other diseases.
3. Limited medical care access: People living in poverty often have limited access to medical care, which can lead to late diagnosis and treatment of diseases, as well as increased risk of complications.
4. Chronic stress: People living in poverty often experience chronic stress, which can adversely affect their health, increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, depression, anxiety and other diseases.
Education:
1. Lack of knowledge about health: People with a low level of education often have a lack of health knowledge, which can lead to malnutrition, bad habits and non -compliance with the recommendations of doctors.
2. Limited access to information: People with a low level of education often have limited access to health information, which may complicate the adoption of conscious decisions about their health.
3. Lower wages: People with a low level of education often earn less, which can limit their access to healthy food, quality housing and medical care.
Employment:
1. Dangerous working conditions: People working in hazardous work are exposed to increased risk of developing occupational diseases and injuries.
2. Stress work: Work associated with a high level of stress can negatively affect health, increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, depression, anxiety and other diseases.
3. Insufficient income: A work that does not provide sufficient income can limit access to healthy foods, quality housing and medical care.
Social support:
1. Insulation: Social isolation can negatively affect health, increasing the risk of depression, anxiety, cardiovascular diseases and other diseases.
2. Lack of support: The lack of social support can make it difficult to cope with stress and make healthy decisions.

VI. Genetic factors and health:

Hereditary predisposition:
1. Cardiovascular diseases: A hereditary predisposition can play a role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, high blood pressure and stroke.
2. Cancer: A hereditary predisposition can play a role in the development of some types of cancer, such as breast cancer, colon cancer and ovarian cancer.
3. Type 2 diabetes: The hereditary predisposition is an important risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes.
4. Mental disorders: A hereditary predisposition can play a role in the development of mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety and schizophrenia.
Genetic mutations:
1. MukoviScidoz: Cycassocidosis is a genetic disease that affects the lungs, pancreas and other organs.
2. Sickle -cell anemia: Sickle -cell anemia is a genetic blood disease that can cause pain, fatigue and other complications.
3. Down syndrome: Down syndrome is a genetic disease that is caused by the presence of additional chromosome.

VII. Psychological factors and health:

Stress:
1. Acute stress: Acute stress is a short -term stress that can cause a rapid heartbeat, an increase in blood pressure and other physiological reactions.
2. Chronic stress: Chronic stress is a long -term stress that can adversely affect health, increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, depression, anxiety and other diseases.
Depression:
1. Physical symptoms: Depression can cause physical symptoms, such as fatigue, muscles and joint pain, sleep disturbances and appetite.
2. Mental symptoms: Depression can cause mental symptoms, such as a sense of sadness, hopelessness, despair, loss of interest in life and thought of suicide.
Anxiety:
1. Physical symptoms: Anxiety can cause physical symptoms, such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, dizziness and nausea.
2. Mental symptoms: Anxiety can cause mental symptoms, such as a feeling of anxiety, fear, tension and irritability.
Social support:
1. Insulation: Social isolation can negatively affect health, increasing the risk of depression, anxiety, cardiovascular diseases and other diseases.
2. Lack of support: The lack of social support can make it difficult to cope with stress and make healthy decisions.

VIII. Age factors and health:

Children:
1. Infectious diseases: Children are more susceptible to infectious diseases such as respiratory infections, diarrhea and measles.
2. Accidents and injuries: Children are more susceptible to accidents and injuries such as falling, burns and poisoning.
3. Obesity: Obesity in children is a serious problem that can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and other diseases.
Teenagers:
1. Bad habits: Teenagers are more prone to develop bad habits, such as smoking, drinking alcohol and drugs.
2. Depression and anxiety: Depression and anxiety are common problems among adolescents.
3. Accidents and injuries: Accidents and injuries are the main cause of death among adolescents.
Adults:
1. Chronic diseases: Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 cancer and diabetes, are the main cause of death among adults.
2. Stress: Stress is a common problem among adults.
3. Bad habits: Bad habits, such as smoking, drinking alcohol and unhealthy nutrition, can negatively affect adult health.
Elderly people:
1. Chronic diseases: Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis and dementia, are common problems among the elderly.
2. Falls: Falls are a serious problem among older people who can lead to fractures and other injuries.
3. Social isolation: Social isolation is a common problem among the elderly, which can negatively affect their health.

This detailed article provides a comprehensive overview of lifestyle and environmental risk factors for health, covering nutrition, physical activity, harmful habits, environmental pollution, socioeconomic factors, genetic factors, psychological factors, and age-related considerations. Each section is meticulously elaborated, presenting specific risks, mechanisms of action, and contributing factors. The information is structured for easy readability and SEO optimization, making it a valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding the complex interplay between lifestyle, environment, and health outcomes.

Life and habitat: health risk factors

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